SQLite

  assert( pToken );
  pNew = sqlite3ExprAlloc(db, TK_FUNCTION, pToken, 1);
  if( pNew==0 ){
    sqlite3ExprListDelete(db, pList); /* Avoid memory leak when malloc fails */
    return 0;
  }
  pNew->x.pList = pList;
  ExprSetProperty(pNew, EP_HasFunc);
  assert( !ExprHasProperty(pNew, EP_xIsSelect) );
  sqlite3ExprSetHeightAndFlags(pParse, pNew);
  return pNew;
}

/*
** Assign a variable number to an expression that encodes a wildcard

**  (18)  If the sub-query is a compound select, then all terms of the
**        ORDER BY clause of the parent must be simple references to 
**        columns of the sub-query.
**
**  (19)  If the subquery uses LIMIT then the outer query may not
**        have a WHERE clause.
**
**  (20)  If the sub-query is a compound select, then it must not use
**        an ORDER BY clause.  Ticket #3773.  We could relax this constraint
**        somewhat by saying that the terms of the ORDER BY clause must
**        appear as unmodified result columns in the outer query.  But we
**        have other optimizations in mind to deal with that case.

**
**  (21)  If the subquery uses LIMIT then the outer query may not be
**        DISTINCT.  (See ticket [752e1646fc]).
**
**  (22)  The subquery may not be a recursive CTE.
**
**  (**)  Subsumed into restriction (17d3).  Was: If the outer query is

  /* Restriction (17): If the sub-query is a compound SELECT, then it must
  ** use only the UNION ALL operator. And none of the simple select queries
  ** that make up the compound SELECT are allowed to be aggregate or distinct
  ** queries.
  */
  if( pSub->pPrior ){
    if( pSub->pOrderBy ){
      return 0;  /* Restriction (20) */
    }
    if( isAgg || (p->selFlags & SF_Distinct)!=0 || pSrc->nSrc!=1 ){
      return 0; /* (17d1), (17d2), or (17d3) */
    }
    for(pSub1=pSub; pSub1; pSub1=pSub1->pPrior){
      testcase( (pSub1->selFlags & (SF_Distinct|SF_Aggregate))==SF_Distinct );
      testcase( (pSub1->selFlags & (SF_Distinct|SF_Aggregate))==SF_Aggregate );
      assert( pSub->pSrc!=0 );

  ** The only way that the recursive part of a CTE can contain a compound
  ** subquery is for the subquery to be one term of a join.  But if the
  ** subquery is a join, then the flattening has already been stopped by
  ** restriction (17d3)
  */
  assert( (p->selFlags & SF_Recursive)==0 || pSub->pPrior==0 );










  /***** If we reach this point, flattening is permitted. *****/
  SELECTTRACE(1,pParse,p,("flatten %s.%p from term %d\n",
                   pSub->zSelName, pSub, iFrom));

  /* Authorize the subquery */
  pParse->zAuthContext = pSubitem->zName;
  TESTONLY(i =) sqlite3AuthCheck(pParse, SQLITE_SELECT, 0, 0, 0);

  int i, j, k;
  SrcList *pTabList;
  ExprList *pEList;
  struct SrcList_item *pFrom;
  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
  Expr *pE, *pRight, *pExpr;
  u16 selFlags = p->selFlags;
  u32 elistFlags = 0;

  p->selFlags |= SF_Expanded;
  if( db->mallocFailed  ){
    return WRC_Abort;
  }
  if( NEVER(p->pSrc==0) || (selFlags & SF_Expanded)!=0 ){
    return WRC_Prune;

  */
  for(k=0; k<pEList->nExpr; k++){
    pE = pEList->a[k].pExpr;
    if( pE->op==TK_ASTERISK ) break;
    assert( pE->op!=TK_DOT || pE->pRight!=0 );
    assert( pE->op!=TK_DOT || (pE->pLeft!=0 && pE->pLeft->op==TK_ID) );
    if( pE->op==TK_DOT && pE->pRight->op==TK_ASTERISK ) break;
    elistFlags |= pE->flags;
  }
  if( k<pEList->nExpr ){
    /*
    ** If we get here it means the result set contains one or more "*"
    ** operators that need to be expanded.  Loop through each expression
    ** in the result set and expand them one by one.
    */
    struct ExprList_item *a = pEList->a;
    ExprList *pNew = 0;
    int flags = pParse->db->flags;
    int longNames = (flags & SQLITE_FullColNames)!=0
                      && (flags & SQLITE_ShortColNames)==0;

    for(k=0; k<pEList->nExpr; k++){
      pE = a[k].pExpr;
      elistFlags |= pE->flags;
      pRight = pE->pRight;
      assert( pE->op!=TK_DOT || pRight!=0 );
      if( pE->op!=TK_ASTERISK
       && (pE->op!=TK_DOT || pRight->op!=TK_ASTERISK)
      ){
        /* This particular expression does not need to be expanded.
        */

          }
        }
      }
    }
    sqlite3ExprListDelete(db, pEList);
    p->pEList = pNew;
  }
  if( p->pEList ){
    if( p->pEList->nExpr>db->aLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_COLUMN] ){
      sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "too many columns in result set");
      return WRC_Abort;
    }
    if( (elistFlags & (EP_HasFunc|EP_Subquery))!=0 ){
      p->selFlags |= SF_ComplexResult;
    }
  }
  return WRC_Continue;
}

/*
** No-op routine for the parse-tree walker.
**

    ** is not a join.  But if the outer query is not a join, then the subquery
    ** will be implemented as a co-routine and there is no advantage to
    ** flattening in that case.
    */
    if( (pSub->selFlags & SF_Aggregate)!=0 ) continue;
    assert( pSub->pGroupBy==0 );

    /* If the outer query contains a "complex" result set (that is,
    ** if the result set of the outer query uses functions or subqueries)
    ** and if the subquery contains an ORDER BY clause and if
    ** it will be implemented as a co-routine, then do not flatten.  This
    ** restriction allows SQL constructs like this:
    **
    **  SELECT expensive_function(x)
    **    FROM (SELECT x FROM tab ORDER BY y LIMIT 10);
    **
    ** The expensive_function() is only computed on the 10 rows that
    ** are output, rather than every row of the table.
    **
    ** The requirement that the outer query have a complex result set
    ** means that flattening does occur on simpler SQL constraints without
    ** the expensive_function() like:
    **
    **  SELECT x FROM (SELECT x FROM tab ORDER BY y LIMIT 10);
    */
    if( pSub->pOrderBy!=0
     && i==0
     && (p->selFlags & SF_ComplexResult)!=0
     && (pTabList->nSrc==1
         || (pTabList->a[1].fg.jointype&(JT_LEFT|JT_CROSS))!=0)
    ){
      continue;
    }

    if( flattenSubquery(pParse, p, i, isAgg) ){

};

/*
** The following are the meanings of bits in the Expr.flags field.
*/
#define EP_FromJoin  0x000001 /* Originates in ON/USING clause of outer join */
#define EP_Agg       0x000002 /* Contains one or more aggregate functions */
#define EP_HasFunc   0x000004 /* Contains one or more functions of any kind */
                  /* 0x000008 // available for use */
#define EP_Distinct  0x000010 /* Aggregate function with DISTINCT keyword */
#define EP_VarSelect 0x000020 /* pSelect is correlated, not constant */
#define EP_DblQuoted 0x000040 /* token.z was originally in "..." */
#define EP_InfixFunc 0x000080 /* True for an infix function: LIKE, GLOB, etc */
#define EP_Collate   0x000100 /* Tree contains a TK_COLLATE operator */
#define EP_Generic   0x000200 /* Ignore COLLATE or affinity on this tree */

#define EP_ConstFunc 0x080000 /* A SQLITE_FUNC_CONSTANT or _SLOCHNG function */
#define EP_CanBeNull 0x100000 /* Can be null despite NOT NULL constraint */
#define EP_Subquery  0x200000 /* Tree contains a TK_SELECT operator */
#define EP_Alias     0x400000 /* Is an alias for a result set column */
#define EP_Leaf      0x800000 /* Expr.pLeft, .pRight, .u.pSelect all NULL */

/*
** The EP_Propagate mask is a set of properties that automatically propagate
** upwards into parent nodes.
*/
#define EP_Propagate (EP_Collate|EP_Subquery|EP_HasFunc)

/*
** These macros can be used to test, set, or clear bits in the
** Expr.flags field.
*/
#define ExprHasProperty(E,P)     (((E)->flags&(P))!=0)
#define ExprHasAllProperty(E,P)  (((E)->flags&(P))==(P))

#define NC_PartIdx   0x0002  /* True if resolving a partial index WHERE */
#define NC_IsCheck   0x0004  /* True if resolving names in a CHECK constraint */
#define NC_InAggFunc 0x0008  /* True if analyzing arguments to an agg func */
#define NC_HasAgg    0x0010  /* One or more aggregate functions seen */
#define NC_IdxExpr   0x0020  /* True if resolving columns of CREATE INDEX */
#define NC_VarSelect 0x0040  /* A correlated subquery has been seen */
#define NC_MinMaxAgg 0x1000  /* min/max aggregates seen.  See note above */
#define NC_Complex   0x2000  /* True if a function or subquery seen */

/*
** An instance of the following structure contains all information
** needed to generate code for a single SELECT statement.
**
** nLimit is set to -1 if there is no LIMIT clause.  nOffset is set to 0.
** If there is a LIMIT clause, the parser sets nLimit to the value of the

#define SF_NestedFrom     0x00800  /* Part of a parenthesized FROM clause */
#define SF_MinMaxAgg      0x01000  /* Aggregate containing min() or max() */
#define SF_Recursive      0x02000  /* The recursive part of a recursive CTE */
#define SF_FixedLimit     0x04000  /* nSelectRow set by a constant LIMIT */
#define SF_MaybeConvert   0x08000  /* Need convertCompoundSelectToSubquery() */
#define SF_Converted      0x10000  /* By convertCompoundSelectToSubquery() */
#define SF_IncludeHidden  0x20000  /* Include hidden columns in output */
#define SF_ComplexResult  0x40000  /* Result set contains subquery or function */


/*
** The results of a SELECT can be distributed in several ways, as defined
** by one of the following macros.  The "SRT" prefix means "SELECT Result
** Type".
**