SQLite

The following sequence of SQL statements results in a corrupt index:

CREATE TABLE test (c1 TEXT PRIMARY KEY) WITHOUT ROWID;
CREATE INDEX index_0 ON test(c1 COLLATE NOCASE);
INSERT INTO test(c1) VALUES ('A');
INSERT INTO test(c1) VALUES ('a');
PRAGMA integrity_check;

This problem goes all the way back to the introduction of WITHOUT ROWID tables in version 3.8.2 (2013-12-06). The problem was reported on the mailing list by Manuel Rigger.