Select standin;
  pNew = sqlite3DbMallocRawNN(pParse->db, sizeof(*pNew) );
  if( pNew==0 ){
    assert( pParse->db->mallocFailed );
    pNew = &standin;
  }
  if( pEList==0 ){
    pEList = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse, 0, sqlite3Expr(pParse->db,TK_ASTERISK,0));

  }
  pNew->pEList = pEList;
  pNew->op = TK_SELECT;
  pNew->selFlags = selFlags;
  pNew->iLimit = 0;
  pNew->iOffset = 0;
#if SELECTTRACE_ENABLED
................................................................................
  pNew->pHaving = pHaving;
  pNew->pOrderBy = pOrderBy;
  pNew->pPrior = 0;
  pNew->pNext = 0;
  pNew->pLimit = pLimit;
  pNew->pOffset = pOffset;
  pNew->pWith = 0;
  assert( pOffset==0 || pLimit!=0 || pParse->nErr>0 || pParse->db->mallocFailed!=0 );

  if( pParse->db->mallocFailed ) {
    clearSelect(pParse->db, pNew, pNew!=&standin);
    pNew = 0;
  }else{
    assert( pNew->pSrc!=0 || pParse->nErr>0 );
  }
  assert( pNew!=&standin );
................................................................................
          p->pEList->a[j-1].u.x.iOrderByCol = i+1-pSort->nOBSat;
        }
      }
      regOrig = 0;
      assert( eDest==SRT_Set || eDest==SRT_Mem 
           || eDest==SRT_Coroutine || eDest==SRT_Output );
    }
    nResultCol = sqlite3ExprCodeExprList(pParse,p->pEList,regResult,0,ecelFlags);

  }

  /* If the DISTINCT keyword was present on the SELECT statement
  ** and this row has been seen before, then do not make this row
  ** part of the result.
  */
  if( hasDistinct ){
................................................................................
** other modes for legacy:
**
**    short=OFF, full=OFF:      Column name is the text of the expression has it
**                              originally appears in the SELECT statement.  In
**                              other words, the zSpan of the result expression.
**
**    short=ON, full=OFF:       (This is the default setting).  If the result
**                              refers directly to a table column, then the result
**                              column name is just the table column name: COLUMN. 
**                              Otherwise use zSpan.
**
**    full=ON, short=ANY:       If the result refers directly to a table column,
**                              then the result column name with the table name
**                              prefix, ex: TABLE.COLUMN.  Otherwise use zSpan.
*/
static void generateColumnNames(
  Parse *pParse,      /* Parser context */
................................................................................
  srcName = (db->flags & SQLITE_ShortColNames)!=0 || fullName;
  sqlite3VdbeSetNumCols(v, pEList->nExpr);
  for(i=0; i<pEList->nExpr; i++){
    Expr *p = pEList->a[i].pExpr;

    assert( p!=0 );
    assert( p->op!=TK_AGG_COLUMN );  /* Agg processing has not run yet */
    assert( p->op!=TK_COLUMN || p->pTab!=0 ); /* Covering indexes not yet coded */
    if( pEList->a[i].zName ){
      /* An AS clause always takes first priority */
      char *zName = pEList->a[i].zName;
      sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, i, COLNAME_NAME, zName, SQLITE_TRANSIENT);
    }else if( srcName && p->op==TK_COLUMN ){
      char *zCol;
      int iCol = p->iColumn;
................................................................................
** of the subquery rather the result set of the subquery.
*/
static Expr *substExpr(
  SubstContext *pSubst,  /* Description of the substitution */
  Expr *pExpr            /* Expr in which substitution occurs */
){
  if( pExpr==0 ) return 0;

  if( ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_FromJoin) && pExpr->iRightJoinTable==pSubst->iTable ){

    pExpr->iRightJoinTable = pSubst->iNewTable;
  }
  if( pExpr->op==TK_COLUMN && pExpr->iTable==pSubst->iTable ){
    if( pExpr->iColumn<0 ){
      pExpr->op = TK_NULL;
    }else{
      Expr *pNew;
................................................................................
    if( pSubSrc->nSrc>1 || isAgg || IsVirtual(pSubSrc->a[0].pTab) ){
      return 0; /* Restriction (3) */
    }
  }
#ifdef SQLITE_EXTRA_IFNULLROW
  else if( iFrom>0 && !isAgg ){
    /* Setting isLeftJoin to -1 causes OP_IfNullRow opcodes to be generated for
    ** every reference to any result column from subquery in a join, even though
    ** they are not necessary.  This will stress-test the OP_IfNullRow opcode. */

    isLeftJoin = -1;
  }
#endif

  /* Restriction 17: If the sub-query is a compound SELECT, then it must
  ** use only the UNION ALL operator. And none of the simple select queries
  ** that make up the compound SELECT are allowed to be aggregate or distinct
................................................................................
    /* Only one recursive reference is permitted. */ 
    if( pTab->nTabRef>2 ){
      sqlite3ErrorMsg(
          pParse, "multiple references to recursive table: %s", pCte->zName
      );
      return SQLITE_ERROR;
    }

    assert( pTab->nTabRef==1 || ((pSel->selFlags&SF_Recursive) && pTab->nTabRef==2 ));

    pCte->zCteErr = "circular reference: %s";
    pSavedWith = pParse->pWith;
    pParse->pWith = pWith;
    if( bMayRecursive ){
      Select *pPrior = pSel->pPrior;
      assert( pPrior->pWith==0 );
................................................................................
** Return TRUE if the optimization is undertaken.
*/
static int countOfViewOptimization(Parse *pParse, Select *p){
  Select *pSub, *pPrior;
  Expr *pExpr;
  Expr *pCount;
  sqlite3 *db;
  if( (p->selFlags & SF_Aggregate)==0 ) return 0;   /* This is an aggregate query */
  if( p->pEList->nExpr!=1 ) return 0;               /* Single result column */
  pExpr = p->pEList->a[0].pExpr;
  if( pExpr->op!=TK_AGG_FUNCTION ) return 0;        /* Result is an aggregate */
  if( sqlite3_stricmp(pExpr->u.zToken,"count") ) return 0;  /* Must be count() */
  if( pExpr->x.pList!=0 ) return 0;                 /* Must be count(*) */
  if( p->pSrc->nSrc!=1 ) return 0;                  /* One table in the FROM clause */
  pSub = p->pSrc->a[0].pSelect;
  if( pSub==0 ) return 0;                           /* The FROM is a subquery */
  if( pSub->pPrior==0 ) return 0;                   /* Must be a compound subquery */
  do{
    if( pSub->op!=TK_ALL && pSub->pPrior ) return 0;  /* Must be UNION ALL */
    if( pSub->pWhere ) return 0;                      /* No WHERE clause */
    if( pSub->selFlags & SF_Aggregate ) return 0;     /* Not an aggregate */
    pSub = pSub->pPrior;                              /* Repeat over compound terms */
  }while( pSub );

  /* If we reach this point, that means it is OK to perform the transformation */

  db = pParse->db;
  pCount = pExpr;
  pExpr = 0;
  pSub = p->pSrc->a[0].pSelect;
  p->pSrc->a[0].pSelect = 0;
  sqlite3SrcListDelete(db, p->pSrc);
................................................................................
  ** (2) Generate code for all sub-queries
  */
  for(i=0; i<pTabList->nSrc; i++){
    struct SrcList_item *pItem = &pTabList->a[i];
    SelectDest dest;
    Select *pSub;

    /* Issue SQLITE_READ authorizations with a fake column name for any tables that
    ** are referenced but from which no values are extracted. Examples of where these
    ** kinds of null SQLITE_READ authorizations would occur:

    **
    **     SELECT count(*) FROM t1;   -- SQLITE_READ t1.""
    **     SELECT t1.* FROM t1, t2;   -- SQLITE_READ t2.""
    **
    ** The fake column name is an empty string.  It is possible for a table to
    ** have a column named by the empty string, in which case there is no way to
    ** distinguish between an unreferenced table and an actual reference to the
    ** "" column.  The original design was for the fake column name to be a NULL,
    ** which would be unambiguous.  But legacy authorization callbacks might
    ** assume the column name is non-NULL and segfault.  The use of an empty string
    ** for the fake column name seems safer.
    */
    if( pItem->colUsed==0 ){
      sqlite3AuthCheck(pParse, SQLITE_READ, pItem->zName, "", pItem->zDatabase);
    }

#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_SUBQUERY) || !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_VIEW)
    /* Generate code for all sub-queries in the FROM clause

  Select standin;
  pNew = sqlite3DbMallocRawNN(pParse->db, sizeof(*pNew) );
  if( pNew==0 ){
    assert( pParse->db->mallocFailed );
    pNew = &standin;
  }
  if( pEList==0 ){
    pEList = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse, 0,
                                   sqlite3Expr(pParse->db,TK_ASTERISK,0));
  }
  pNew->pEList = pEList;
  pNew->op = TK_SELECT;
  pNew->selFlags = selFlags;
  pNew->iLimit = 0;
  pNew->iOffset = 0;
#if SELECTTRACE_ENABLED
................................................................................
  pNew->pHaving = pHaving;
  pNew->pOrderBy = pOrderBy;
  pNew->pPrior = 0;
  pNew->pNext = 0;
  pNew->pLimit = pLimit;
  pNew->pOffset = pOffset;
  pNew->pWith = 0;
  assert( pOffset==0 || pLimit!=0 || pParse->nErr>0
                     || pParse->db->mallocFailed!=0 );
  if( pParse->db->mallocFailed ) {
    clearSelect(pParse->db, pNew, pNew!=&standin);
    pNew = 0;
  }else{
    assert( pNew->pSrc!=0 || pParse->nErr>0 );
  }
  assert( pNew!=&standin );
................................................................................
          p->pEList->a[j-1].u.x.iOrderByCol = i+1-pSort->nOBSat;
        }
      }
      regOrig = 0;
      assert( eDest==SRT_Set || eDest==SRT_Mem 
           || eDest==SRT_Coroutine || eDest==SRT_Output );
    }
    nResultCol = sqlite3ExprCodeExprList(pParse,p->pEList,regResult,
                                         0,ecelFlags);
  }

  /* If the DISTINCT keyword was present on the SELECT statement
  ** and this row has been seen before, then do not make this row
  ** part of the result.
  */
  if( hasDistinct ){
................................................................................
** other modes for legacy:
**
**    short=OFF, full=OFF:      Column name is the text of the expression has it
**                              originally appears in the SELECT statement.  In
**                              other words, the zSpan of the result expression.
**
**    short=ON, full=OFF:       (This is the default setting).  If the result
**                              refers directly to a table column, then the
**                              result column name is just the table column
**                              name: COLUMN.  Otherwise use zSpan.
**
**    full=ON, short=ANY:       If the result refers directly to a table column,
**                              then the result column name with the table name
**                              prefix, ex: TABLE.COLUMN.  Otherwise use zSpan.
*/
static void generateColumnNames(
  Parse *pParse,      /* Parser context */
................................................................................
  srcName = (db->flags & SQLITE_ShortColNames)!=0 || fullName;
  sqlite3VdbeSetNumCols(v, pEList->nExpr);
  for(i=0; i<pEList->nExpr; i++){
    Expr *p = pEList->a[i].pExpr;

    assert( p!=0 );
    assert( p->op!=TK_AGG_COLUMN );  /* Agg processing has not run yet */
    assert( p->op!=TK_COLUMN || p->pTab!=0 ); /* Covering idx not yet coded */
    if( pEList->a[i].zName ){
      /* An AS clause always takes first priority */
      char *zName = pEList->a[i].zName;
      sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, i, COLNAME_NAME, zName, SQLITE_TRANSIENT);
    }else if( srcName && p->op==TK_COLUMN ){
      char *zCol;
      int iCol = p->iColumn;
................................................................................
** of the subquery rather the result set of the subquery.
*/
static Expr *substExpr(
  SubstContext *pSubst,  /* Description of the substitution */
  Expr *pExpr            /* Expr in which substitution occurs */
){
  if( pExpr==0 ) return 0;
  if( ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_FromJoin)
   && pExpr->iRightJoinTable==pSubst->iTable
  ){
    pExpr->iRightJoinTable = pSubst->iNewTable;
  }
  if( pExpr->op==TK_COLUMN && pExpr->iTable==pSubst->iTable ){
    if( pExpr->iColumn<0 ){
      pExpr->op = TK_NULL;
    }else{
      Expr *pNew;
................................................................................
    if( pSubSrc->nSrc>1 || isAgg || IsVirtual(pSubSrc->a[0].pTab) ){
      return 0; /* Restriction (3) */
    }
  }
#ifdef SQLITE_EXTRA_IFNULLROW
  else if( iFrom>0 && !isAgg ){
    /* Setting isLeftJoin to -1 causes OP_IfNullRow opcodes to be generated for
    ** every reference to any result column from subquery in a join, even
    ** though they are not necessary.  This will stress-test the OP_IfNullRow 
    ** opcode. */
    isLeftJoin = -1;
  }
#endif

  /* Restriction 17: If the sub-query is a compound SELECT, then it must
  ** use only the UNION ALL operator. And none of the simple select queries
  ** that make up the compound SELECT are allowed to be aggregate or distinct
................................................................................
    /* Only one recursive reference is permitted. */ 
    if( pTab->nTabRef>2 ){
      sqlite3ErrorMsg(
          pParse, "multiple references to recursive table: %s", pCte->zName
      );
      return SQLITE_ERROR;
    }
    assert( pTab->nTabRef==1 || 
            ((pSel->selFlags&SF_Recursive) && pTab->nTabRef==2 ));

    pCte->zCteErr = "circular reference: %s";
    pSavedWith = pParse->pWith;
    pParse->pWith = pWith;
    if( bMayRecursive ){
      Select *pPrior = pSel->pPrior;
      assert( pPrior->pWith==0 );
................................................................................
** Return TRUE if the optimization is undertaken.
*/
static int countOfViewOptimization(Parse *pParse, Select *p){
  Select *pSub, *pPrior;
  Expr *pExpr;
  Expr *pCount;
  sqlite3 *db;
  if( (p->selFlags & SF_Aggregate)==0 ) return 0;   /* This is an aggregate */
  if( p->pEList->nExpr!=1 ) return 0;               /* Single result column */
  pExpr = p->pEList->a[0].pExpr;
  if( pExpr->op!=TK_AGG_FUNCTION ) return 0;        /* Result is an aggregate */
  if( sqlite3_stricmp(pExpr->u.zToken,"count") ) return 0;  /* Is count() */
  if( pExpr->x.pList!=0 ) return 0;                 /* Must be count(*) */
  if( p->pSrc->nSrc!=1 ) return 0;                  /* One table in FROM  */
  pSub = p->pSrc->a[0].pSelect;
  if( pSub==0 ) return 0;                           /* The FROM is a subquery */
  if( pSub->pPrior==0 ) return 0;                   /* Must be a compound ry */
  do{
    if( pSub->op!=TK_ALL && pSub->pPrior ) return 0;  /* Must be UNION ALL */
    if( pSub->pWhere ) return 0;                      /* No WHERE clause */
    if( pSub->selFlags & SF_Aggregate ) return 0;     /* Not an aggregate */
    pSub = pSub->pPrior;                              /* Repeat over compound */
  }while( pSub );

  /* If we reach this point then it is OK to perform the transformation */

  db = pParse->db;
  pCount = pExpr;
  pExpr = 0;
  pSub = p->pSrc->a[0].pSelect;
  p->pSrc->a[0].pSelect = 0;
  sqlite3SrcListDelete(db, p->pSrc);
................................................................................
  ** (2) Generate code for all sub-queries
  */
  for(i=0; i<pTabList->nSrc; i++){
    struct SrcList_item *pItem = &pTabList->a[i];
    SelectDest dest;
    Select *pSub;

    /* Issue SQLITE_READ authorizations with a fake column name for any
    ** tables that are referenced but from which no values are extracted.
    ** Examples of where these kinds of null SQLITE_READ authorizations
    ** would occur:
    **
    **     SELECT count(*) FROM t1;   -- SQLITE_READ t1.""
    **     SELECT t1.* FROM t1, t2;   -- SQLITE_READ t2.""
    **
    ** The fake column name is an empty string.  It is possible for a table to
    ** have a column named by the empty string, in which case there is no way to
    ** distinguish between an unreferenced table and an actual reference to the
    ** "" column. The original design was for the fake column name to be a NULL,
    ** which would be unambiguous.  But legacy authorization callbacks might
    ** assume the column name is non-NULL and segfault.  The use of an empty
    ** string for the fake column name seems safer.
    */
    if( pItem->colUsed==0 ){
      sqlite3AuthCheck(pParse, SQLITE_READ, pItem->zName, "", pItem->zDatabase);
    }

#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_SUBQUERY) || !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_VIEW)
    /* Generate code for all sub-queries in the FROM clause