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Overview

Comment:	new section for keywords, more docs for attached databases , links, cleanup (CVS 952)
Downloads:	Tarball \| ZIP archive \| SQL archive
Timelines:	family \| ancestors \| descendants \| both \| trunk
Files:	files \| file ages \| folders
SHA1:	87e1b6a936972670771cf90670aeb4308ba0a30a
User & Date:	jplyon 2003-05-04 07:02:55

Context

2003-05-04
07:25		added shell command ".databases" to list name and file of open ones. (CVS 953) (check-in: 741a5a8d user: jplyon tags: trunk)
07:02		new section for keywords, more docs for attached databases , links, cleanup (CVS 952) (check-in: 87e1b6a9 user: jplyon tags: trunk)
2003-05-03
19:04		More documentation updates. (CVS 951) (check-in: 24b9b569 user: drh tags: trunk)

Changes

Hide Diffs Unified Diffs Ignore Whitespace Patch

Changes to www/lang.tcl.

#
# Run this Tcl script to generate the sqlite.html file.
#
set rcsid {$Id: lang.tcl,v 1.52 2003/05/03 19:04:04 drh Exp $}

puts {<html>
<head>
  <title>Query Language Understood By SQLite</title>
</head>
<body bgcolor=white>
<h1 align=center>
................................................................................

<p>In all of the syntax diagrams that follow, literal text is shown in
bold blue.  Non-terminal symbols are shown in italic red.  Operators
that are part of the syntactic markup itself are shown in black roman.</p>

<p>This document is just an overview of the SQL syntax implemented
by SQLite.  Many low-level productions are omitted.  For detailed information
on the language that SQLite understands, refer to the source code.</p>



<p>SQLite implements the follow syntax:</p>
<p><ul>
}

foreach {section} [lsort -index 0 -dictionary {
................................................................................
  {UPDATE update}
  {SELECT select}
  {comment comment}
  {COPY copy}
  {EXPLAIN explain}
  {expression expr}
  {{BEGIN TRANSACTION} transaction}



  {PRAGMA pragma}
  {{ON CONFLICT clause} conflict}
  {{CREATE VIEW} createview}
  {{DROP VIEW} dropview}
  {{CREATE TRIGGER} createtrigger}
  {{DROP TRIGGER} droptrigger}
  {{ATTACH DATABASE} attachdatabase}
  {{DETACH DATABASE} detachdatabase}
}] {
  puts "<li><a href=\"#[lindex $section 1]\">[lindex $section 0]</a></li>"
}
puts {</ul></p>

<p>Details on the implementation of each command are provided in
the sequel.</p>
................................................................................
}

proc Example {text} {
  puts "<blockquote><pre>$text</pre></blockquote>"
}


Section {ATTACH DATABASE} attachdatabase

Syntax {sql-statement} {
ATTACH [DATABASE] <database-filename> AS <database-name>
}

puts {
<p>The ATTACH DATABASE statement lets you add a preexisting 
database file to the current database connection.</p>






<p>You can read and write to the attached database, but you cannot 
CREATE TABLE or DROP TABLE in the attached database. You can only 

CREATE and DROP in the original database.</p>














<p>With an attached database, transactions are not atomic. 
Transactions continue to be atomic within each individual
database file. But if your machine crashes in the middle
of a COMMIT where you have updated two or more database
files, some of those files might get the changes where others
might not.</p>

<p>There is a compile-time limit of 10 attached database files.</p>
................................................................................
}
Syntax {sql-statement} {
ROLLBACK [TRANSACTION [<name>]]
}

puts {
<p>Beginning in version 2.0, SQLite supports transactions with
rollback and atomic commit.</p>






<p>
No changes can be made to the database except within a transaction.
Any command that changes the database (basically, any SQL command
other than SELECT) will automatically starts a transaction if
one is not already in effect.  Automatically started transactions
are committed at the conclusion of the command.
</p>

<p>
Transactions can be started manually using the BEGIN
command. Such transactions usually persist until the next
................................................................................
Section comment comment

Syntax {comment} {<SQL-comment> | <C-comment>
} {SQL-comment} {-- <single-line>
} {C-comment} {/STAR <multiple-lines> [STAR/]
}


puts {
<p> Comments aren't SQL commands, but can occur in SQL queries. They are 
treated as whitespace by the parser. They can begin anywhere whitespace 
can be found, including inside expressions that span multiple lines.
</p>

<p> SQL comments only extend to the end of the current line.</p>
................................................................................
</p>
}


Section COPY copy

Syntax {sql-statement} {
COPY [ OR <conflict-algorithm> ] <table-name> FROM <filename>
[ USING DELIMITERS <delim> ]
}


puts {
<p>The COPY command is an extension used to load large amounts of
data into a table.  It is modeled after a similar command found
in PostgreSQL.  In fact, the SQLite COPY command is specifically
designed to be able to read the output of the PostgreSQL dump
utility <b>pg_dump</b> so that data can be easily transferred from
................................................................................
puts "\"[Operator \\.]\".</p>"


Section {CREATE INDEX} createindex

Syntax {sql-statement} {
CREATE [TEMP | TEMPORARY] [UNIQUE] INDEX <index-name> 
ON <table-name> ( <column-name> [, <column-name>]* )
[ ON CONFLICT <conflict-algorithm> ]
} {column-name} {
<name> [ ASC | DESC ]
}


puts {
<p>The CREATE INDEX command consists of the keywords "CREATE INDEX" followed
by the name of the new index, the keyword "ON", the name of a previously
created table that is to be indexed, and a parenthesized list of names of
columns in the table that are used for the index key.
Each column name can be followed by one of the "ASC" or "DESC" keywords
................................................................................
<p>The exact text
of each CREATE INDEX statement is stored in the <b>sqlite_master</b>
or <b>sqlite_temp_master</b> table, depending on whether the table
being indexed is temporary.  Everytime the database is opened,
all CREATE INDEX statements
are read from the <b>sqlite_master</b> table and used to regenerate
SQLite's internal representation of the index layout.</p>




}


Section {CREATE TABLE} {createtable}

Syntax {sql-command} {
CREATE [TEMP | TEMPORARY] TABLE <table-name> (
................................................................................
SQLite's internal representation of the table layout.
If the original command was a CREATE TABLE AS then then an equivalent
CREATE TABLE statement is synthesized and store in <b>sqlite_master</b>
in place of the original command.
The text of CREATE TEMPORARY TABLE statements are stored in the
<b>sqlite_temp_master</b> table.
</p>




}


Section {CREATE TRIGGER} createtrigger

Syntax {sql-statement} {
CREATE [TEMP | TEMPORARY] TRIGGER <trigger-name> [ BEFORE | AFTER ]
<database-event> ON <table-name>
<trigger-action>
}

Syntax {sql-statement} {
CREATE [TEMP | TEMPORARY] TRIGGER <trigger-name> INSTEAD OF
<database-event> ON <view-name>
<trigger-action>
}

Syntax {database-event} {
DELETE | 
INSERT | 
UPDATE | 
UPDATE OF <column-list>
}

Syntax {trigger-action} {
[ FOR EACH ROW ] [ WHEN <expression> ] 
BEGIN 
  <trigger-step> ; [ <trigger-step> ; ]*
END
}

Syntax {trigger-step} {
<update-statement> | <insert-statement> | 
................................................................................
<p>When RAISE(IGNORE) is called, the remainder of the current trigger program,
the statement that caused the trigger program to execute and any subsequent
    trigger programs that would of been executed are abandoned. No database
    changes are rolled back.  If the statement that caused the trigger program
    to execute is itself part of a trigger program, then that trigger program
    resumes execution at the beginning of the next step.
</p>




}


Section {CREATE VIEW} {createview}

Syntax {sql-command} {
CREATE [TEMP | TEMPORARY] VIEW <view-name> AS <select-statement>
................................................................................

puts {
<p>The CREATE VIEW command assigns a name to a pre-packaged SELECT
statement.  Once the view is created, it can be used in the FROM clause
of another SELECT in place of a table name.
</p>

<p>You cannot COPY, INSERT or UPDATE a view.  Views are read-only.</p>



}


Section DELETE delete

Syntax {sql-statement} {
DELETE FROM <table-name> [WHERE <expr>]
}

puts {
<p>The DELETE command is used to remove records from a table.
The command consists of the "DELETE FROM" keywords followed by
the name of the table from which records are to be removed.
</p>
................................................................................

<p>Without a WHERE clause, all rows of the table are removed.
If a WHERE clause is supplied, then only those rows that match
the expression are removed.</p>
}


Section {DETACH DATABASE} detachdatabase

Syntax {sql-command} {
DETACH [DATABASE] <database-name>
}

puts {
<p>This statement detaches an additional database file previoiusly attached
using the ATTACH DATABASE statement.</p>

<p>This statement will fail if SQLite is in the middle of a transaction.</p>
}


Section {DROP INDEX} dropindex

Syntax {sql-command} {
DROP INDEX <index-name>
}

puts {
<p>The DROP INDEX statement consists of the keywords "DROP INDEX" followed
by the name of the index.  The index named is completely removed from
the disk.  The only way to recover the index is to reenter the
appropriate CREATE INDEX command.</p>

}


Section {DROP TABLE} droptable

Syntax {sql-command} {
DROP TABLE <table-name>
}

puts {
<p>The DROP TABLE statement consists of the keywords "DROP TABLE" followed

by the name of the table.  The table named is completely removed from
the disk.  The table can not be recovered.  All indices associated with
the table are also deleted.</p>}




Section {DROP TRIGGER} droptrigger
Syntax {sql-statement} {
DROP TRIGGER <trigger-name>
}
puts { 


  <p>Used to drop a trigger from the database schema. Note that triggers
  are automatically dropped when the associated table is dropped.</p>

}


Section {DROP VIEW} dropview

Syntax {sql-command} {
DROP VIEW <view-name>
}

puts {
<p>The DROP VIEW statement consists of the keywords "DROP VIEW" followed
by the name of the view.  The view named is removed from the database.
But no actual data is modified.</p>}





Section EXPLAIN explain

Syntax {sql-statement} {
EXPLAIN <sql-statement>
}
................................................................................
Syntax {expr} {
<expr> <binary-op> <expr> |
<expr> <like-op> <expr> |
<unary-op> <expr> |
( <expr> ) |
<column-name> |
<table-name> . <column-name> |

<literal-value> |
<function-name> ( <expr-list> | STAR ) |
<expr> (+) |
<expr> ISNULL |
<expr> NOTNULL |
<expr> [NOT] BETWEEN <expr> AND <expr> |
<expr> [NOT] IN ( <value-list> ) |
................................................................................
</table>
}


Section INSERT insert

Syntax {sql-statement} {
INSERT [OR <conflict-algorithm>] INTO <table-name> [(<column-list>)] VALUES(<value-list>) |
INSERT [OR <conflict-algorithm>] INTO <table-name> [(<column-list>)] <select-statement>
}

puts {
<p>The INSERT statement comes in two basic forms.  The first form
(with the "VALUES" keyword) creates a single new row in an existing table.
If no column-list is specified then the number of values must
be the same as the number of columns in the table.  If a column-list
................................................................................
Unknown pragmas are ignored.</p>
}


Section REPLACE replace

Syntax {sql-statement} {
REPLACE INTO <table-name> [( <column-list> )] VALUES ( <value-list> ) |
REPLACE INTO <table-name> [( <column-list> )] <select-statement>
}

puts {
<p>The REPLACE command is an alias for the "INSERT OR REPLACE" variant
of the <a href="#insert">INSERT command</a>.  This alias is provided for
compatibility with MySQL.  See the 
<a href="#insert">INSERT command</a> documentation for additional
information.</p>  
}


Section SELECT select

Syntax {sql-statement} {
................................................................................
STAR | <table-name> . STAR | <expr> [ [AS] <string> ]
} {table-list} {
<table> [<join-op> <table> <join-args>]*
} {table} {
<table-name> [AS <alias>] |
( <select> ) [AS <alias>]
} {join-op} {
, | [NATURAL] [LEFT | RIGHT | FULL] [OUTER | INNER] JOIN
} {join-args} {
[ON <expr>] [USING ( <id-list> )]
} {sort-expr-list} {
<expr> [<sort-order>] [, <expr> [<sort-order>]]*
} {sort-order} {
ASC | DESC
} {compound_op} {
................................................................................
result is specified by the expression list in between the
SELECT and FROM keywords.  Any arbitrary expression can be used
as a result.  If a result expression is }
puts "[Operator *] then all columns of all tables are substituted"
puts {for that one expression.  If the expression is the name of}
puts "a table followed by [Operator .*] then the result is all columns"
puts {in that one table.</p>






<p>The query is executed against one or more tables specified after
the FROM keyword.  If multiple tables names are separated by commas,
then the query is against the cross join of the various tables.
The full SQL-92 join syntax can also be used to specify joins.
A sub-query
in parentheses may be substituted for any table name in the FROM clause.
................................................................................
are connected into a compound, they group from left to right.</p>
}


Section UPDATE update

Syntax {sql-statement} {
UPDATE [ OR <conflict-algorithm> ] <table-name>
SET <assignment> [, <assignment>]*
[WHERE <expr>]
} {assignment} {
<column-name> = <expr>
}

puts {
................................................................................
align table data to be contiguous, and otherwise clean up the database 
file structure.  The index or table name argument is now ignored.</p>

<p>This command will fail if there is an active transaction.  This 
command has no effect on an in-memory database.</p>
}





























puts {
<p><hr /></p>
<p><a href="index.html"><img src="/goback.jpg" border=0 />
Back to the SQLite Home Page</a>
</p>

</body></html>}

#
# Run this Tcl script to generate the sqlite.html file.
#
set rcsid {$Id: lang.tcl,v 1.53 2003/05/04 07:02:55 jplyon Exp $}

puts {<html>
<head>
  <title>Query Language Understood By SQLite</title>
</head>
<body bgcolor=white>
<h1 align=center>
................................................................................

<p>In all of the syntax diagrams that follow, literal text is shown in
bold blue.  Non-terminal symbols are shown in italic red.  Operators
that are part of the syntactic markup itself are shown in black roman.</p>

<p>This document is just an overview of the SQL syntax implemented
by SQLite.  Many low-level productions are omitted.  For detailed information
on the language that SQLite understands, refer to the source code and
the grammar file "parse.y".</p>


<p>SQLite implements the follow syntax:</p>
<p><ul>
}

foreach {section} [lsort -index 0 -dictionary {
................................................................................
  {UPDATE update}
  {SELECT select}
  {comment comment}
  {COPY copy}
  {EXPLAIN explain}
  {expression expr}
  {{BEGIN TRANSACTION} transaction}
  {{COMMIT TRANSACTION} transaction}
  {{END TRANSACTION} transaction}
  {{ROLLBACK TRANSACTION} transaction}
  {PRAGMA pragma}
  {{ON CONFLICT clause} conflict}
  {{CREATE VIEW} createview}
  {{DROP VIEW} dropview}
  {{CREATE TRIGGER} createtrigger}
  {{DROP TRIGGER} droptrigger}
  {{ATTACH DATABASE} attach}
  {{DETACH DATABASE} detach}
}] {
  puts "<li><a href=\"#[lindex $section 1]\">[lindex $section 0]</a></li>"
}
puts {</ul></p>

<p>Details on the implementation of each command are provided in
the sequel.</p>
................................................................................
}

proc Example {text} {
  puts "<blockquote><pre>$text</pre></blockquote>"
}


Section {ATTACH DATABASE} attach

Syntax {sql-statement} {
ATTACH [DATABASE] <database-filename> AS <database-name>
}

puts {
<p>The ATTACH DATABASE statement adds a preexisting database 
file to the current database connection.  If the filename contains 
punctuation characters it must be quoted.  The names 'main' and 
'temp' refer to the main database and the database used for 
temporary tables.  These cannot be detached.  Attached databases 
are removed using the <a href="#detach">DETACH DATABASE</a> 
statement.</p>

<p>You can read from and write to an attached database, but you cannot 

alter the schema of an attached database.  You can only CREATE and 
DROP in the original database.</p>

<p>You cannot create a new table with the same name as a table in 
an attached database, but you can attach a database which contains
tables whose names are duplicates of tables in the main database.</p>

<p>Tables in an attached database can be referred to using the syntax 
<i>database-name.table-name</i>.  If an attached table doesn't have 
a duplicate table name in the main database, it doesn't require a 
database name prefix.  When a database is attached, all of its 
tables which don't have duplicate names become the 'default' table
of that name.  Any tables of that name attached afterwards require the table 
prefix. If the 'default' table of a given name is detached, then 
the last table of that name attached becomes the new default.</p>

<p>When there are attached databases, transactions are not atomic. 
Transactions continue to be atomic within each individual
database file. But if your machine crashes in the middle
of a COMMIT where you have updated two or more database
files, some of those files might get the changes where others
might not.</p>

<p>There is a compile-time limit of 10 attached database files.</p>
................................................................................
}
Syntax {sql-statement} {
ROLLBACK [TRANSACTION [<name>]]
}

puts {
<p>Beginning in version 2.0, SQLite supports transactions with
rollback and atomic commit.  See <a href="#attach">ATTACH</a> for
an exception when there are attached databases.</p>

<p>The optional transaction name is ignored. SQLite currently 
doesn't allow nested transactions.  Attempting to start a new 
transaction inside another is an error.</p>

<p>
No changes can be made to the database except within a transaction.
Any command that changes the database (basically, any SQL command
other than SELECT) will automatically start a transaction if
one is not already in effect.  Automatically started transactions
are committed at the conclusion of the command.
</p>

<p>
Transactions can be started manually using the BEGIN
command. Such transactions usually persist until the next
................................................................................
Section comment comment

Syntax {comment} {<SQL-comment> | <C-comment>
} {SQL-comment} {-- <single-line>
} {C-comment} {/STAR <multiple-lines> [STAR/]
}


puts {
<p> Comments aren't SQL commands, but can occur in SQL queries. They are 
treated as whitespace by the parser. They can begin anywhere whitespace 
can be found, including inside expressions that span multiple lines.
</p>

<p> SQL comments only extend to the end of the current line.</p>
................................................................................
</p>
}


Section COPY copy

Syntax {sql-statement} {
COPY [ OR <conflict-algorithm> ] [<database-name> .] <table-name> FROM <filename>
[ USING DELIMITERS <delim> ]
}


puts {
<p>The COPY command is an extension used to load large amounts of
data into a table.  It is modeled after a similar command found
in PostgreSQL.  In fact, the SQLite COPY command is specifically
designed to be able to read the output of the PostgreSQL dump
utility <b>pg_dump</b> so that data can be easily transferred from
................................................................................
puts "\"[Operator \\.]\".</p>"


Section {CREATE INDEX} createindex

Syntax {sql-statement} {
CREATE [TEMP | TEMPORARY] [UNIQUE] INDEX <index-name> 
ON [<database-name> .] <table-name> ( <column-name> [, <column-name>]* )
[ ON CONFLICT <conflict-algorithm> ]
} {column-name} {
<name> [ ASC | DESC ]
}


puts {
<p>The CREATE INDEX command consists of the keywords "CREATE INDEX" followed
by the name of the new index, the keyword "ON", the name of a previously
created table that is to be indexed, and a parenthesized list of names of
columns in the table that are used for the index key.
Each column name can be followed by one of the "ASC" or "DESC" keywords
................................................................................
<p>The exact text
of each CREATE INDEX statement is stored in the <b>sqlite_master</b>
or <b>sqlite_temp_master</b> table, depending on whether the table
being indexed is temporary.  Everytime the database is opened,
all CREATE INDEX statements
are read from the <b>sqlite_master</b> table and used to regenerate
SQLite's internal representation of the index layout.</p>

<p>Non-temporary indexes cannot be added on tables in attached 
databases.  They are removed with the <a href="#dropindex">DROP INDEX</a> 
command.</p>
}


Section {CREATE TABLE} {createtable}

Syntax {sql-command} {
CREATE [TEMP | TEMPORARY] TABLE <table-name> (
................................................................................
SQLite's internal representation of the table layout.
If the original command was a CREATE TABLE AS then then an equivalent
CREATE TABLE statement is synthesized and store in <b>sqlite_master</b>
in place of the original command.
The text of CREATE TEMPORARY TABLE statements are stored in the
<b>sqlite_temp_master</b> table.
</p>

<p>Tables are removed using the <a href="#droptable">DROP TABLE</a> 
statement.  Non-temporary tables in an attached database cannot be 
dropped.</p>
}


Section {CREATE TRIGGER} createtrigger

Syntax {sql-statement} {
CREATE [TEMP | TEMPORARY] TRIGGER <trigger-name> [ BEFORE | AFTER ]
<database-event> ON [<database-name> .] <table-name>
<trigger-action>
}

Syntax {sql-statement} {
CREATE [TEMP | TEMPORARY] TRIGGER <trigger-name> INSTEAD OF
<database-event> ON [<database-name> .] <view-name>
<trigger-action>
}

Syntax {database-event} {
DELETE | 
INSERT | 
UPDATE | 
UPDATE OF <column-list>
}

Syntax {trigger-action} {
[ FOR EACH ROW | FOR EACH STATEMENT ] [ WHEN <expression> ] 
BEGIN 
  <trigger-step> ; [ <trigger-step> ; ]*
END
}

Syntax {trigger-step} {
<update-statement> | <insert-statement> | 
................................................................................
<p>When RAISE(IGNORE) is called, the remainder of the current trigger program,
the statement that caused the trigger program to execute and any subsequent
    trigger programs that would of been executed are abandoned. No database
    changes are rolled back.  If the statement that caused the trigger program
    to execute is itself part of a trigger program, then that trigger program
    resumes execution at the beginning of the next step.
</p>

<p>Triggers are removed using the <a href="#droptrigger">DROP TRIGGER</a>
statement.  Non-temporary triggers cannot be added on a table in an 
attached database.</p>
}


Section {CREATE VIEW} {createview}

Syntax {sql-command} {
CREATE [TEMP | TEMPORARY] VIEW <view-name> AS <select-statement>
................................................................................

puts {
<p>The CREATE VIEW command assigns a name to a pre-packaged SELECT
statement.  Once the view is created, it can be used in the FROM clause
of another SELECT in place of a table name.
</p>

<p>You cannot COPY, INSERT or UPDATE a view.  Views are read-only 
in SQLite.  Views are removed with the <a href="#dropview">DROP VIEW</a> 
command.  Non-temporary views cannot be created on tables in an attached 
database.</p>
}


Section DELETE delete

Syntax {sql-statement} {
DELETE FROM [<database-name> .] <table-name> [WHERE <expr>]
}

puts {
<p>The DELETE command is used to remove records from a table.
The command consists of the "DELETE FROM" keywords followed by
the name of the table from which records are to be removed.
</p>
................................................................................

<p>Without a WHERE clause, all rows of the table are removed.
If a WHERE clause is supplied, then only those rows that match
the expression are removed.</p>
}


Section {DETACH DATABASE} detach

Syntax {sql-command} {
DETACH [DATABASE] <database-name>
}

puts {
<p>This statement detaches an additional database file previously attached
using the <a href="#attach">ATTACH DATABASE</a> statement.</p>

<p>This statement will fail if SQLite is in the middle of a transaction.</p>
}


Section {DROP INDEX} dropindex

Syntax {sql-command} {
DROP INDEX [<database-name> .] <index-name>
}

puts {
<p>The DROP INDEX statement removes an index added with the <a href="#createindex">
CREATE INDEX</a> statement.  The index named is completely removed from
the disk.  The only way to recover the index is to reenter the
appropriate CREATE INDEX command.  Non-temporary indexes on tables in 
an attached database cannot be dropped.</p>
}


Section {DROP TABLE} droptable

Syntax {sql-command} {
DROP TABLE <table-name>
}

puts {
<p>The DROP TABLE statement removes a table added with the <a href=
"#createtable">CREATE TABLE</a> statement.  The name specified is the
table name.  It is completely removed from the database schema and the 
disk file.  The table can not be recovered.  All indices associated 
with the table are also deleted.  Non-temporary tables in an attached 
database cannot be dropped.</p>
}


Section {DROP TRIGGER} droptrigger
Syntax {sql-statement} {
DROP TRIGGER [<database-name> .] <trigger-name>
}
puts { 
<p>The DROP TRIGGER statement removes a trigger created by the 
<a href="#createtrigger">CREATE TRIGGER</a> statement.  The trigger is 
deleted from the database schema. Note that triggers are automatically 
dropped when the associated table is dropped.  Non-temporary triggers 
cannot be dropped on attached tables.</p>
}


Section {DROP VIEW} dropview

Syntax {sql-command} {
DROP VIEW <view-name>
}

puts {
<p>The DROP VIEW statement removes a view created by the <a href=
"#createview">CREATE VIEW</a> statement.  The name specified is the 
view name.  It is removed from the database schema, but no actual data 
in the underlying base tables is modified.  Non-temporary views in 
attached databases cannot be dropped.</p>
}


Section EXPLAIN explain

Syntax {sql-statement} {
EXPLAIN <sql-statement>
}
................................................................................
Syntax {expr} {
<expr> <binary-op> <expr> |
<expr> <like-op> <expr> |
<unary-op> <expr> |
( <expr> ) |
<column-name> |
<table-name> . <column-name> |
<database-name> . <table-name> . <column-name> |
<literal-value> |
<function-name> ( <expr-list> | STAR ) |
<expr> (+) |
<expr> ISNULL |
<expr> NOTNULL |
<expr> [NOT] BETWEEN <expr> AND <expr> |
<expr> [NOT] IN ( <value-list> ) |
................................................................................
</table>
}


Section INSERT insert

Syntax {sql-statement} {
INSERT [OR <conflict-algorithm>] INTO [<database-name> .] <table-name> [(<column-list>)] VALUES(<value-list>) |
INSERT [OR <conflict-algorithm>] INTO [<database-name> .] <table-name> [(<column-list>)] <select-statement>
}

puts {
<p>The INSERT statement comes in two basic forms.  The first form
(with the "VALUES" keyword) creates a single new row in an existing table.
If no column-list is specified then the number of values must
be the same as the number of columns in the table.  If a column-list
................................................................................
Unknown pragmas are ignored.</p>
}


Section REPLACE replace

Syntax {sql-statement} {
REPLACE INTO [<database-name> .] <table-name> [( <column-list> )] VALUES ( <value-list> ) |
REPLACE INTO [<database-name> .] <table-name> [( <column-list> )] <select-statement>
}

puts {
<p>The REPLACE command is an alias for the "INSERT OR REPLACE" variant
of the <a href="#insert">INSERT</a> command.  This alias is provided for
compatibility with MySQL.  See the 
<a href="#insert">INSERT</a> command documentation for additional
information.</p>  
}


Section SELECT select

Syntax {sql-statement} {
................................................................................
STAR | <table-name> . STAR | <expr> [ [AS] <string> ]
} {table-list} {
<table> [<join-op> <table> <join-args>]*
} {table} {
<table-name> [AS <alias>] |
( <select> ) [AS <alias>]
} {join-op} {
, | [NATURAL] [LEFT | RIGHT | FULL] [OUTER | INNER | CROSS] JOIN
} {join-args} {
[ON <expr>] [USING ( <id-list> )]
} {sort-expr-list} {
<expr> [<sort-order>] [, <expr> [<sort-order>]]*
} {sort-order} {
ASC | DESC
} {compound_op} {
................................................................................
result is specified by the expression list in between the
SELECT and FROM keywords.  Any arbitrary expression can be used
as a result.  If a result expression is }
puts "[Operator *] then all columns of all tables are substituted"
puts {for that one expression.  If the expression is the name of}
puts "a table followed by [Operator .*] then the result is all columns"
puts {in that one table.</p>

<p>The DISTINCT keyword causes a subset of result rows to be returned, 
in which each result row is different.  NULL values are not treated as 
distinct from eachother.  The default behavior is that all result rows 
be returned, which can be made explicit with the keyword ALL.</p>

<p>The query is executed against one or more tables specified after
the FROM keyword.  If multiple tables names are separated by commas,
then the query is against the cross join of the various tables.
The full SQL-92 join syntax can also be used to specify joins.
A sub-query
in parentheses may be substituted for any table name in the FROM clause.
................................................................................
are connected into a compound, they group from left to right.</p>
}


Section UPDATE update

Syntax {sql-statement} {
UPDATE [ OR <conflict-algorithm> ] [<database-name> .] <table-name>
SET <assignment> [, <assignment>]*
[WHERE <expr>]
} {assignment} {
<column-name> = <expr>
}

puts {
................................................................................
align table data to be contiguous, and otherwise clean up the database 
file structure.  The index or table name argument is now ignored.</p>

<p>This command will fail if there is an active transaction.  This 
command has no effect on an in-memory database.</p>
}


Section {SQLite keywords} keywords

puts {
<p>The following keywords are used by SQLite. Most are either reserved 
words in SQL-92 or were listed as potential reserved words.  Those which 
aren't are shown in italics.  Not all of these words are actually used
by SQLite.  SQLite doesn't currently enforce reserved words, so most of
these can actually be used for the names of SQLite objects such as 
tables, columns, and views, but they must be generally be enclosed by 
brackes or quotes to avoid confusing the parser.</p>

<p><i>_ROWID_</i> <i>ABORT</i> AFTER ALL AND AS ASC <i>ATTACH</i> 
BEFORE BEGIN BETWEEN BY CASCADE CASE CHECK <i>CLUSTER</i> COLLATE 
COMMIT <i>CONFLICT</i> CONSTRAINT <i>COPY</i> CREATE CROSS 
<i>DATABASE</i> DEFAULT DEFERRED DEFERRABLE DELETE <i>DELIMITERS</i> 
DESC <i>DETACH</i> DISTINCT DROP EACH ELSE END EXCEPT <i>EXPLAIN</i> 
<i>FAIL</i> FOR FOREIGN FROM FULL <i>GLOB</i> GROUP HAVING IGNORE 
IMMEDIATE IN <i>INDEX</i> INITIALLY INNER INSERT <i>INSTEAD</i> 
INTERSECT INTO IS <i>ISNULL</i> JOIN KEY LEFT LIKE LIMIT MATCH NATURAL 
NOT <i>NOTNULL</i> NULL OF <i>OFFSET</i> ON OR ORDER OUTER <i>PRAGMA</i> 
PRIMARY <i>RAISE</i> REFERENCES <i>REPLACE</i> RESTRICT RIGHT ROLLBACK 
<i>ROW</i> <i>ROWID</i> SELECT SET <i>STATEMENT</i> TABLE <i>TEMP</i> 
TEMPORARY THEN TRANSACTION TRIGGER UNION UNIQUE UPDATE USING <i>VACUUM</i> 
VALUES VIEW WHEN WHERE</p>
}


puts {
<p><hr /></p>
<p><a href="index.html"><img src="/goback.jpg" border=0 />
Back to the SQLite Home Page</a>
</p>

</body></html>}