SQLite

columnlist ::= column.

// A "column" is a complete description of a single column in a
// CREATE TABLE statement.  This includes the column name, its
// datatype, and other keywords such as PRIMARY KEY, UNIQUE, REFERENCES,
// NOT NULL and so forth.
//
column(A) ::= columnid(A) type carglist. {

  A.n = (int)(pParse->sLastToken.z-A.z) + pParse->sLastToken.n;
}
columnid(A) ::= nm(A). {
  sqlite3AddColumn(pParse,&A);

  pParse->constraintName.n = 0;
}


// An IDENTIFIER can be a generic identifier, or one of several
// keywords.  Any non-standard keyword can also be an identifier.
//

// And "ids" is an identifer-or-string.
//
%token_class ids  ID|STRING.

// The name of a column or table can be any of the following:
//
%type nm {Token}
nm(A) ::= id(A).
nm(A) ::= STRING(A).
nm(A) ::= JOIN_KW(A).

// A typetoken is really one or more tokens that form a type name such
// as can be found after the column name in a CREATE TABLE statement.
// Multiple tokens are concatenated to form the value of the typetoken.
//
%type typetoken {Token}
type ::= .
type ::= typetoken(X).                   {sqlite3AddColumnType(pParse,&X);}
typetoken(A) ::= typename(A).
typetoken(A) ::= typename(A) LP signed RP(Y). {

  A.n = (int)(&Y.z[Y.n] - A.z);
}
typetoken(A) ::= typename(A) LP signed COMMA signed RP(Y). {

  A.n = (int)(&Y.z[Y.n] - A.z);
}
%type typename {Token}
typename(A) ::= ids(A).
typename(A) ::= typename(A) ids(Y). {A.n=Y.n+(int)(Y.z-A.z);}
signed ::= plus_num.
signed ::= minus_num.

// "carglist" is a list of additional constraints that come after the
// column name and column type in a CREATE TABLE statement.
//
carglist ::= carglist ccons.

// The next group of rules parses the arguments to a REFERENCES clause
// that determine if the referential integrity checking is deferred or
// or immediate and which determine what action to take if a ref-integ
// check fails.
//
%type refargs {int}
refargs(A) ::= .                  { A = OE_None*0x0101; /* EV: R-19803-45884 */}
refargs(A) ::= refargs(A) refarg(Y). { A = (A & ~Y.mask) | Y.value; }
%type refarg {struct {int value; int mask;}}
refarg(A) ::= MATCH nm.              { A.value = 0;     A.mask = 0x000000; }
refarg(A) ::= ON INSERT refact.      { A.value = 0;     A.mask = 0x000000; }
refarg(A) ::= ON DELETE refact(X).   { A.value = X;     A.mask = 0x0000ff; }
refarg(A) ::= ON UPDATE refact(X).   { A.value = X<<8;  A.mask = 0x00ff00; }
%type refact {int}
refact(A) ::= SET NULL.              { A = OE_SetNull;  /* EV: R-33326-45252 */}
refact(A) ::= SET DEFAULT.           { A = OE_SetDflt;  /* EV: R-33326-45252 */}
refact(A) ::= CASCADE.               { A = OE_Cascade;  /* EV: R-33326-45252 */}
refact(A) ::= RESTRICT.              { A = OE_Restrict; /* EV: R-33326-45252 */}
refact(A) ::= NO ACTION.             { A = OE_None;     /* EV: R-33326-45252 */}
%type defer_subclause {int}
defer_subclause(A) ::= NOT DEFERRABLE init_deferred_pred_opt.     {A = 0;}
defer_subclause(A) ::= DEFERRABLE init_deferred_pred_opt(X).      {A = X;}
%type init_deferred_pred_opt {int}
init_deferred_pred_opt(A) ::= .                       {A = 0;}
init_deferred_pred_opt(A) ::= INITIALLY DEFERRED.     {A = 1;}
init_deferred_pred_opt(A) ::= INITIALLY IMMEDIATE.    {A = 0;}

conslist_opt(A) ::= .                         {A.n = 0; A.z = 0;}
conslist_opt(A) ::= COMMA(A) conslist.
conslist ::= conslist tconscomma tcons.
conslist ::= tcons.
tconscomma ::= COMMA.            {pParse->constraintName.n = 0;}
tconscomma ::= .
tcons ::= CONSTRAINT nm(X).      {pParse->constraintName = X;}
tcons ::= PRIMARY KEY LP sortlist(X) autoinc(I) RP onconf(R).
                                 {sqlite3AddPrimaryKey(pParse,X,R,I,0);}
tcons ::= UNIQUE LP sortlist(X) RP onconf(R).
                                 {sqlite3CreateIndex(pParse,0,0,0,X,R,0,0,0,0);}
tcons ::= CHECK LP expr(E) RP onconf.
                                 {sqlite3AddCheckConstraint(pParse,E.pExpr);}
tcons ::= FOREIGN KEY LP eidlist(FA) RP
          REFERENCES nm(T) eidlist_opt(TA) refargs(R) defer_subclause_opt(D). {
    sqlite3CreateForeignKey(pParse, FA, &T, TA, R);
    sqlite3DeferForeignKey(pParse, D);
}
%type defer_subclause_opt {int}
defer_subclause_opt(A) ::= .                    {A = 0;}
defer_subclause_opt(A) ::= defer_subclause(A).

// The following is a non-standard extension that allows us to declare the
// default behavior when there is a constraint conflict.
//
%type onconf {int}
%type orconf {int}
%type resolvetype {int}
onconf(A) ::= .                              {A = OE_Default;}
onconf(A) ::= ON CONFLICT resolvetype(X).    {A = X;}
orconf(A) ::= .                              {A = OE_Default;}
orconf(A) ::= OR resolvetype(X).             {A = X;}
resolvetype(A) ::= raisetype(A).
resolvetype(A) ::= IGNORE.                   {A = OE_Ignore;}
resolvetype(A) ::= REPLACE.                  {A = OE_Replace;}

////////////////////////// The DROP TABLE /////////////////////////////////////
//
cmd ::= DROP TABLE ifexists(E) fullname(X). {
  sqlite3DropTable(pParse, X, 0, E);

    parserDoubleLinkSelect(pParse, p);
  }else{
    sqlite3WithDelete(pParse->db, W);
  }
  A = p;
}

selectnowith(A) ::= oneselect(A).
%ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_COMPOUND_SELECT
selectnowith(A) ::= selectnowith(A) multiselect_op(Y) oneselect(Z).  {
  Select *pRhs = Z;
  Select *pLhs = A;
  if( pRhs && pRhs->pPrior ){
    SrcList *pFrom;
    Token x;
    x.n = 0;
    parserDoubleLinkSelect(pParse, pRhs);
    pFrom = sqlite3SrcListAppendFromTerm(pParse,0,0,0,&x,pRhs,0,0);
    pRhs = sqlite3SelectNew(pParse,0,pFrom,0,0,0,0,0,0,0);

      while( z[0]==' ' ) z++;
      for(i=0; sqlite3Isalnum(z[i]); i++){}
      sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(A->zSelName), A->zSelName, "%.*s", i, z);
    }
  }
#endif /* SELECTRACE_ENABLED */
}
oneselect(A) ::= values(A).

%type values {Select*}
%destructor values {sqlite3SelectDelete(pParse->db, $$);}
values(A) ::= VALUES LP nexprlist(X) RP. {
  A = sqlite3SelectNew(pParse,X,0,0,0,0,0,SF_Values,0,0);
}
values(A) ::= values(A) COMMA LP exprlist(Y) RP. {
  Select *pRight, *pLeft = A;
  pRight = sqlite3SelectNew(pParse,Y,0,0,0,0,0,SF_Values|SF_MultiValue,0,0);
  if( ALWAYS(pLeft) ) pLeft->selFlags &= ~SF_MultiValue;
  if( pRight ){
    pRight->op = TK_ALL;

    pRight->pPrior = pLeft;
    A = pRight;
  }else{
    A = pLeft;
  }
}

// "SELECT * FROM ..." is encoded as a special expression with an
// opcode of TK_ASTERISK.
//
%type selcollist {ExprList*}
%destructor selcollist {sqlite3ExprListDelete(pParse->db, $$);}
%type sclp {ExprList*}
%destructor sclp {sqlite3ExprListDelete(pParse->db, $$);}
sclp(A) ::= selcollist(A) COMMA.
sclp(A) ::= .                                {A = 0;}
selcollist(A) ::= sclp(A) expr(X) as(Y).     {
   A = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse, A, X.pExpr);
   if( Y.n>0 ) sqlite3ExprListSetName(pParse, A, &Y, 1);
   sqlite3ExprListSetSpan(pParse,A,&X);
}
selcollist(A) ::= sclp(A) STAR. {
  Expr *p = sqlite3Expr(pParse->db, TK_ASTERISK, 0);
  A = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse, A, p);
}
selcollist(A) ::= sclp(A) nm(X) DOT STAR(Y). {
  Expr *pRight = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_ASTERISK, 0, 0, &Y);
  Expr *pLeft = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_ID, 0, 0, &X);
  Expr *pDot = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_DOT, pLeft, pRight, 0);
  A = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse,A, pDot);
}

// An option "AS <id>" phrase that can follow one of the expressions that
// define the result set, or one of the tables in the FROM clause.
//
%type as {Token}
as(X) ::= AS nm(Y).    {X = Y;}
as(X) ::= ids(X).
as(X) ::= .            {X.n = 0;}


%type seltablist {SrcList*}
%destructor seltablist {sqlite3SrcListDelete(pParse->db, $$);}
%type stl_prefix {SrcList*}
%destructor stl_prefix {sqlite3SrcListDelete(pParse->db, $$);}

  A = X;
  sqlite3SrcListShiftJoinType(A);
}

// "seltablist" is a "Select Table List" - the content of the FROM clause
// in a SELECT statement.  "stl_prefix" is a prefix of this list.
//
stl_prefix(A) ::= seltablist(A) joinop(Y).    {

   if( ALWAYS(A && A->nSrc>0) ) A->a[A->nSrc-1].fg.jointype = (u8)Y;
}
stl_prefix(A) ::= .                           {A = 0;}
seltablist(A) ::= stl_prefix(A) nm(Y) dbnm(D) as(Z) indexed_opt(I)
                  on_opt(N) using_opt(U). {
  A = sqlite3SrcListAppendFromTerm(pParse,A,&Y,&D,&Z,0,N,U);
  sqlite3SrcListIndexedBy(pParse, A, &I);
}
seltablist(A) ::= stl_prefix(A) nm(Y) dbnm(D) LP exprlist(E) RP as(Z)
                  on_opt(N) using_opt(U). {
  A = sqlite3SrcListAppendFromTerm(pParse,A,&Y,&D,&Z,0,N,U);
  sqlite3SrcListFuncArgs(pParse, A, E);
}
%ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_SUBQUERY
  seltablist(A) ::= stl_prefix(A) LP select(S) RP
                    as(Z) on_opt(N) using_opt(U). {
    A = sqlite3SrcListAppendFromTerm(pParse,A,0,0,&Z,S,N,U);
  }
  seltablist(A) ::= stl_prefix(A) LP seltablist(F) RP
                    as(Z) on_opt(N) using_opt(U). {
    if( A==0 && Z.n==0 && N==0 && U==0 ){
      A = F;
    }else if( F->nSrc==1 ){
      A = sqlite3SrcListAppendFromTerm(pParse,A,0,0,&Z,0,N,U);
      if( A ){
        struct SrcList_item *pNew = &A->a[A->nSrc-1];
        struct SrcList_item *pOld = F->a;
        pNew->zName = pOld->zName;
        pNew->zDatabase = pOld->zDatabase;
        pNew->pSelect = pOld->pSelect;
        pOld->zName = pOld->zDatabase = 0;
        pOld->pSelect = 0;
      }
      sqlite3SrcListDelete(pParse->db, F);
    }else{
      Select *pSubquery;
      sqlite3SrcListShiftJoinType(F);
      pSubquery = sqlite3SelectNew(pParse,0,F,0,0,0,0,SF_NestedFrom,0,0);
      A = sqlite3SrcListAppendFromTerm(pParse,A,0,0,&Z,pSubquery,N,U);
    }
  }
%endif  SQLITE_OMIT_SUBQUERY

%type dbnm {Token}
dbnm(A) ::= .          {A.z=0; A.n=0;}
dbnm(A) ::= DOT nm(X). {A = X;}

// sort order.
//
%type sortlist {ExprList*}
%destructor sortlist {sqlite3ExprListDelete(pParse->db, $$);}

orderby_opt(A) ::= .                          {A = 0;}
orderby_opt(A) ::= ORDER BY sortlist(X).      {A = X;}
sortlist(A) ::= sortlist(A) COMMA expr(Y) sortorder(Z). {
  A = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse,A,Y.pExpr);
  sqlite3ExprListSetSortOrder(A,Z);
}
sortlist(A) ::= expr(Y) sortorder(Z). {
  A = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse,0,Y.pExpr);
  sqlite3ExprListSetSortOrder(A,Z);
}

  sqlite3Update(pParse,X,Y,W,R);
}
%endif

%type setlist {ExprList*}
%destructor setlist {sqlite3ExprListDelete(pParse->db, $$);}

setlist(A) ::= setlist(A) COMMA nm(X) EQ expr(Y). {
  A = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse, A, Y.pExpr);
  sqlite3ExprListSetName(pParse, A, &X, 1);
}
setlist(A) ::= nm(X) EQ expr(Y). {
  A = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse, 0, Y.pExpr);
  sqlite3ExprListSetName(pParse, A, &X, 1);
}

%type idlist_opt {IdList*}
%destructor idlist_opt {sqlite3IdListDelete(pParse->db, $$);}
%type idlist {IdList*}
%destructor idlist {sqlite3IdListDelete(pParse->db, $$);}

idlist_opt(A) ::= .                       {A = 0;}
idlist_opt(A) ::= LP idlist(X) RP.    {A = X;}
idlist(A) ::= idlist(A) COMMA nm(Y).
    {A = sqlite3IdListAppend(pParse->db,A,&Y);}
idlist(A) ::= nm(Y).
    {A = sqlite3IdListAppend(pParse->db,0,&Y);}

/////////////////////////// Expression Processing /////////////////////////////
//

%type expr {ExprSpan}

  static void spanExpr(ExprSpan *pOut, Parse *pParse, int op, Token *pValue){
    pOut->pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, op, 0, 0, pValue);
    pOut->zStart = pValue->z;
    pOut->zEnd = &pValue->z[pValue->n];
  }
}

expr(A) ::= term(A).
expr(A) ::= LP(B) expr(X) RP(E). {A.pExpr = X.pExpr; spanSet(&A,&B,&E);}
term(A) ::= NULL(X).             {spanExpr(&A, pParse, @X, &X);}
expr(A) ::= id(X).               {spanExpr(&A, pParse, TK_ID, &X);}
expr(A) ::= JOIN_KW(X).          {spanExpr(&A, pParse, TK_ID, &X);}
expr(A) ::= nm(X) DOT nm(Y). {
  Expr *temp1 = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_ID, 0, 0, &X);
  Expr *temp2 = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_ID, 0, 0, &Y);

    }
  }else{
    spanExpr(&A, pParse, TK_VARIABLE, &X);
    sqlite3ExprAssignVarNumber(pParse, A.pExpr);
  }
  spanSet(&A, &X, &X);
}
expr(A) ::= expr(A) COLLATE ids(C). {
  A.pExpr = sqlite3ExprAddCollateToken(pParse, A.pExpr, &C, 1);

  A.zEnd = &C.z[C.n];
}
%ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_CAST
expr(A) ::= CAST(X) LP expr(E) AS typetoken(T) RP(Y). {
  A.pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_CAST, E.pExpr, 0, &T);
  spanSet(&A,&X,&Y);
}

}

%include {
  /* This routine constructs a binary expression node out of two ExprSpan
  ** objects and uses the result to populate a new ExprSpan object.
  */
  static void spanBinaryExpr(

    Parse *pParse,      /* The parsing context.  Errors accumulate here */
    int op,             /* The binary operation */
    ExprSpan *pLeft,    /* The left operand, and output */
    ExprSpan *pRight    /* The right operand */
  ){
    pLeft->pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, op, pLeft->pExpr, pRight->pExpr, 0);

    pLeft->zEnd = pRight->zEnd;
  }

  /* If doNot is true, then add a TK_NOT Expr-node wrapper around the
  ** outside of *ppExpr.
  */
  static void exprNot(Parse *pParse, int doNot, ExprSpan *pSpan){
    if( doNot ){
      pSpan->pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_NOT, pSpan->pExpr, 0, 0);
    }
  }
}

expr(A) ::= expr(A) AND(OP) expr(Y).    {spanBinaryExpr(pParse,@OP,&A,&Y);}
expr(A) ::= expr(A) OR(OP) expr(Y).     {spanBinaryExpr(pParse,@OP,&A,&Y);}
expr(A) ::= expr(A) LT|GT|GE|LE(OP) expr(Y).
                                        {spanBinaryExpr(pParse,@OP,&A,&Y);}
expr(A) ::= expr(A) EQ|NE(OP) expr(Y).  {spanBinaryExpr(pParse,@OP,&A,&Y);}
expr(A) ::= expr(A) BITAND|BITOR|LSHIFT|RSHIFT(OP) expr(Y).
                                        {spanBinaryExpr(pParse,@OP,&A,&Y);}
expr(A) ::= expr(A) PLUS|MINUS(OP) expr(Y).
                                        {spanBinaryExpr(pParse,@OP,&A,&Y);}
expr(A) ::= expr(A) STAR|SLASH|REM(OP) expr(Y).
                                        {spanBinaryExpr(pParse,@OP,&A,&Y);}
expr(A) ::= expr(A) CONCAT(OP) expr(Y). {spanBinaryExpr(pParse,@OP,&A,&Y);}
%type likeop {struct LikeOp}
likeop(A) ::= LIKE_KW|MATCH(X).     {A.eOperator = X; A.bNot = 0;}
likeop(A) ::= NOT LIKE_KW|MATCH(X). {A.eOperator = X; A.bNot = 1;}
expr(A) ::= expr(A) likeop(OP) expr(Y).  [LIKE_KW]  {
  ExprList *pList;
  pList = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse,0, Y.pExpr);
  pList = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse,pList, A.pExpr);
  A.pExpr = sqlite3ExprFunction(pParse, pList, &OP.eOperator);
  exprNot(pParse, OP.bNot, &A);

  A.zEnd = Y.zEnd;
  if( A.pExpr ) A.pExpr->flags |= EP_InfixFunc;
}
expr(A) ::= expr(A) likeop(OP) expr(Y) ESCAPE expr(E).  [LIKE_KW]  {
  ExprList *pList;
  pList = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse,0, Y.pExpr);
  pList = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse,pList, A.pExpr);
  pList = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse,pList, E.pExpr);
  A.pExpr = sqlite3ExprFunction(pParse, pList, &OP.eOperator);
  exprNot(pParse, OP.bNot, &A);

  A.zEnd = E.zEnd;
  if( A.pExpr ) A.pExpr->flags |= EP_InfixFunc;
}

%include {
  /* Construct an expression node for a unary postfix operator
  */
  static void spanUnaryPostfix(

    Parse *pParse,         /* Parsing context to record errors */
    int op,                /* The operator */
    ExprSpan *pOperand,    /* The operand, and output */
    Token *pPostOp         /* The operand token for setting the span */
  ){
    pOperand->pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, op, pOperand->pExpr, 0, 0);

    pOperand->zEnd = &pPostOp->z[pPostOp->n];
  }                           
}

expr(A) ::= expr(A) ISNULL|NOTNULL(E).   {spanUnaryPostfix(pParse,@E,&A,&E);}
expr(A) ::= expr(A) NOT NULL(E). {spanUnaryPostfix(pParse,TK_NOTNULL,&A,&E);}

%include {
  /* A routine to convert a binary TK_IS or TK_ISNOT expression into a
  ** unary TK_ISNULL or TK_NOTNULL expression. */
  static void binaryToUnaryIfNull(Parse *pParse, Expr *pY, Expr *pA, int op){
    sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
    if( pA && pY && pY->op==TK_NULL ){
      pA->op = (u8)op;
      sqlite3ExprDelete(db, pA->pRight);
      pA->pRight = 0;
    }
  }
}

//    expr1 IS expr2
//    expr1 IS NOT expr2
//
// If expr2 is NULL then code as TK_ISNULL or TK_NOTNULL.  If expr2
// is any other expression, code as TK_IS or TK_ISNOT.
// 
expr(A) ::= expr(A) IS expr(Y).     {
  spanBinaryExpr(pParse,TK_IS,&A,&Y);
  binaryToUnaryIfNull(pParse, Y.pExpr, A.pExpr, TK_ISNULL);
}
expr(A) ::= expr(A) IS NOT expr(Y). {
  spanBinaryExpr(pParse,TK_ISNOT,&A,&Y);
  binaryToUnaryIfNull(pParse, Y.pExpr, A.pExpr, TK_NOTNULL);
}

%include {
  /* Construct an expression node for a unary prefix operator
  */
  static void spanUnaryPrefix(

                               {spanUnaryPrefix(&A,pParse,TK_UMINUS,&X,&B);}
expr(A) ::= PLUS(B) expr(X). [BITNOT]
                               {spanUnaryPrefix(&A,pParse,TK_UPLUS,&X,&B);}

%type between_op {int}
between_op(A) ::= BETWEEN.     {A = 0;}
between_op(A) ::= NOT BETWEEN. {A = 1;}
expr(A) ::= expr(A) between_op(N) expr(X) AND expr(Y). [BETWEEN] {
  ExprList *pList = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse,0, X.pExpr);
  pList = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse,pList, Y.pExpr);
  A.pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_BETWEEN, A.pExpr, 0, 0);
  if( A.pExpr ){
    A.pExpr->x.pList = pList;
  }else{
    sqlite3ExprListDelete(pParse->db, pList);
  } 
  exprNot(pParse, N, &A);

  A.zEnd = Y.zEnd;
}
%ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_SUBQUERY
  %type in_op {int}
  in_op(A) ::= IN.      {A = 0;}
  in_op(A) ::= NOT IN.  {A = 1;}
  expr(A) ::= expr(A) in_op(N) LP exprlist(Y) RP(E). [IN] {
    if( Y==0 ){
      /* Expressions of the form
      **
      **      expr1 IN ()
      **      expr1 NOT IN ()
      **
      ** simplify to constants 0 (false) and 1 (true), respectively,
      ** regardless of the value of expr1.
      */
      sqlite3ExprDelete(pParse->db, A.pExpr);
      A.pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_INTEGER, 0, 0, &sqlite3IntTokens[N]);

    }else if( Y->nExpr==1 ){
      /* Expressions of the form:
      **
      **      expr1 IN (?1)
      **      expr1 NOT IN (?2)
      **
      ** with exactly one value on the RHS can be simplified to something

      sqlite3ExprListDelete(pParse->db, Y);
      /* pRHS cannot be NULL because a malloc error would have been detected
      ** before now and control would have never reached this point */
      if( ALWAYS(pRHS) ){
        pRHS->flags &= ~EP_Collate;
        pRHS->flags |= EP_Generic;
      }
      A.pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, N ? TK_NE : TK_EQ, A.pExpr, pRHS, 0);
    }else{
      A.pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_IN, A.pExpr, 0, 0);
      if( A.pExpr ){
        A.pExpr->x.pList = Y;
        sqlite3ExprSetHeightAndFlags(pParse, A.pExpr);
      }else{
        sqlite3ExprListDelete(pParse->db, Y);
      }
      exprNot(pParse, N, &A);
    }

    A.zEnd = &E.z[E.n];
  }
  expr(A) ::= LP(B) select(X) RP(E). {
    A.pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_SELECT, 0, 0, 0);
    if( A.pExpr ){
      A.pExpr->x.pSelect = X;
      ExprSetProperty(A.pExpr, EP_xIsSelect|EP_Subquery);
      sqlite3ExprSetHeightAndFlags(pParse, A.pExpr);
    }else{
      sqlite3SelectDelete(pParse->db, X);
    }
    A.zStart = B.z;
    A.zEnd = &E.z[E.n];
  }
  expr(A) ::= expr(A) in_op(N) LP select(Y) RP(E).  [IN] {
    A.pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_IN, A.pExpr, 0, 0);
    if( A.pExpr ){
      A.pExpr->x.pSelect = Y;
      ExprSetProperty(A.pExpr, EP_xIsSelect|EP_Subquery);
      sqlite3ExprSetHeightAndFlags(pParse, A.pExpr);
    }else{
      sqlite3SelectDelete(pParse->db, Y);
    }
    exprNot(pParse, N, &A);

    A.zEnd = &E.z[E.n];
  }
  expr(A) ::= expr(A) in_op(N) nm(Y) dbnm(Z). [IN] {
    SrcList *pSrc = sqlite3SrcListAppend(pParse->db, 0,&Y,&Z);
    A.pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_IN, A.pExpr, 0, 0);
    if( A.pExpr ){
      A.pExpr->x.pSelect = sqlite3SelectNew(pParse, 0,pSrc,0,0,0,0,0,0,0);
      ExprSetProperty(A.pExpr, EP_xIsSelect|EP_Subquery);
      sqlite3ExprSetHeightAndFlags(pParse, A.pExpr);
    }else{
      sqlite3SrcListDelete(pParse->db, pSrc);
    }
    exprNot(pParse, N, &A);

    A.zEnd = Z.z ? &Z.z[Z.n] : &Y.z[Y.n];
  }
  expr(A) ::= EXISTS(B) LP select(Y) RP(E). {
    Expr *p = A.pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_EXISTS, 0, 0, 0);
    if( p ){
      p->x.pSelect = Y;
      ExprSetProperty(p, EP_xIsSelect|EP_Subquery);

    sqlite3ExprDelete(pParse->db, Z);
  }
  A.zStart = C.z;
  A.zEnd = &E.z[E.n];
}
%type case_exprlist {ExprList*}
%destructor case_exprlist {sqlite3ExprListDelete(pParse->db, $$);}
case_exprlist(A) ::= case_exprlist(A) WHEN expr(Y) THEN expr(Z). {
  A = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse,A, Y.pExpr);
  A = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse,A, Z.pExpr);
}
case_exprlist(A) ::= WHEN expr(Y) THEN expr(Z). {
  A = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse,0, Y.pExpr);
  A = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse,A, Z.pExpr);
}
%type case_else {Expr*}
%destructor case_else {sqlite3ExprDelete(pParse->db, $$);}
case_else(A) ::=  ELSE expr(X).         {A = X.pExpr;}
case_else(A) ::=  .                     {A = 0;} 
%type case_operand {Expr*}
%destructor case_operand {sqlite3ExprDelete(pParse->db, $$);}
case_operand(A) ::= expr(X).            {A = X.pExpr;} 
case_operand(A) ::= .                   {A = 0;} 

%type exprlist {ExprList*}
%destructor exprlist {sqlite3ExprListDelete(pParse->db, $$);}
%type nexprlist {ExprList*}
%destructor nexprlist {sqlite3ExprListDelete(pParse->db, $$);}

exprlist(A) ::= nexprlist(A).
exprlist(A) ::= .                            {A = 0;}
nexprlist(A) ::= nexprlist(A) COMMA expr(Y).
    {A = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse,A,Y.pExpr);}
nexprlist(A) ::= expr(Y).
    {A = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse,0,Y.pExpr);}


///////////////////////////// The CREATE INDEX command ///////////////////////
//
cmd ::= createkw(S) uniqueflag(U) INDEX ifnotexists(NE) nm(X) dbnm(D)

    sqlite3ExprListSetName(pParse, p, pIdToken, 1);
    return p;
  }
} // end %include

eidlist_opt(A) ::= .                         {A = 0;}
eidlist_opt(A) ::= LP eidlist(X) RP.         {A = X;}
eidlist(A) ::= eidlist(A) COMMA nm(Y) collate(C) sortorder(Z).  {
  A = parserAddExprIdListTerm(pParse, A, &Y, C, Z);
}
eidlist(A) ::= nm(Y) collate(C) sortorder(Z). {
  A = parserAddExprIdListTerm(pParse, 0, &Y, C, Z);
}

%type collate {int}
collate(C) ::= .              {C = 0;}

%type when_clause {Expr*}
%destructor when_clause {sqlite3ExprDelete(pParse->db, $$);}
when_clause(A) ::= .             { A = 0; }
when_clause(A) ::= WHEN expr(X). { A = X.pExpr; }

%type trigger_cmd_list {TriggerStep*}
%destructor trigger_cmd_list {sqlite3DeleteTriggerStep(pParse->db, $$);}
trigger_cmd_list(A) ::= trigger_cmd_list(A) trigger_cmd(X) SEMI. {
  assert( A!=0 );
  A->pLast->pNext = X;
  A->pLast = X;

}
trigger_cmd_list(A) ::= trigger_cmd(A) SEMI. { 
  assert( A!=0 );
  A->pLast = A;

}

// Disallow qualified table names on INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE statements
// within a trigger.  The table to INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE is always in 
// the same database as the table that the trigger fires on.
//
%type trnm {Token}
trnm(A) ::= nm(A).
trnm(A) ::= nm DOT nm(X). {
  A = X;
  sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, 
        "qualified table names are not allowed on INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE "
        "statements within triggers");
}

%ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_CTE
with(A) ::= WITH wqlist(W).              { A = W; }
with(A) ::= WITH RECURSIVE wqlist(W).    { A = W; }

wqlist(A) ::= nm(X) eidlist_opt(Y) AS LP select(Z) RP. {
  A = sqlite3WithAdd(pParse, 0, &X, Y, Z);
}
wqlist(A) ::= wqlist(A) COMMA nm(X) eidlist_opt(Y) AS LP select(Z) RP. {
  A = sqlite3WithAdd(pParse, A, &X, Y, Z);
}
%endif  SQLITE_OMIT_CTE

  int lhsStart;            /* True if left-hand side is the start symbol */
  int ruleline;            /* Line number for the rule */
  int nrhs;                /* Number of RHS symbols */
  struct symbol **rhs;     /* The RHS symbols */
  const char **rhsalias;   /* An alias for each RHS symbol (NULL if none) */
  int line;                /* Line number at which code begins */
  const char *code;        /* The code executed when this rule is reduced */
  const char *codePrefix;  /* Setup code before code[] above */
  const char *codeSuffix;  /* Breakdown code after code[] above */
  struct symbol *precsym;  /* Precedence symbol for this rule */
  int index;               /* An index number for this rule */
  Boolean canReduce;       /* True if this rule is ever reduced */
  struct rule *nextlhs;    /* Next rule with the same LHS */
  struct rule *next;       /* Next rule in the global list */
};

  static char empty[1] = { 0 };
  static char *z = 0;
  static int alloced = 0;
  static int used = 0;
  int c;
  char zInt[40];
  if( zText==0 ){
    if( used==0 && z!=0 ) z[0] = 0;
    used = 0;
    return z;
  }
  if( n<=0 ){
    if( n<0 ){
      used += n;
      assert( used>=0 );

** the symbols in this string so that the refer to elements of the parser
** stack.
*/
PRIVATE void translate_code(struct lemon *lemp, struct rule *rp){
  char *cp, *xp;
  int i;
  char lhsused = 0;    /* True if the LHS element has been used */
  char lhsdirect;      /* True if LHS writes directly into stack */
  char used[MAXRHS];   /* True for each RHS element which is used */
  char zLhs[50];       /* Convert the LHS symbol into this string */

  for(i=0; i<rp->nrhs; i++) used[i] = 0;
  lhsused = 0;

  if( rp->code==0 ){
    static char newlinestr[2] = { '\n', '\0' };
    rp->code = newlinestr;
    rp->line = rp->ruleline;
  }


  if( rp->lhsalias==0 ){
    /* There is no LHS value symbol. */
    lhsdirect = 1;
  }else if( rp->nrhs==0 ){
    /* If there are no RHS symbols, then writing directly to the LHS is ok */
    lhsdirect = 1;
  }else if( rp->rhsalias[0]==0 ){
    /* The left-most RHS symbol has not value.  LHS direct is ok.  But
    ** we have to call the distructor on the RHS symbol first. */
    lhsdirect = 1;
    if( has_destructor(rp->rhs[0],lemp) ){
      append_str(0,0,0,0);
      append_str("  yy_destructor(yypParser,%d,&yymsp[%d].minor);\n", 0,
                 rp->rhs[0]->index,1-rp->nrhs);
      rp->codePrefix = Strsafe(append_str(0,0,0,0));
    }
  }else if( strcmp(rp->lhsalias,rp->rhsalias[0])==0 ){
    /* The LHS symbol and the left-most RHS symbol are the same, so 
    ** direct writing is allowed */
    lhsdirect = 1;
    lhsused = 1;
    used[0] = 1;
    if( rp->lhs->dtnum!=rp->rhs[0]->dtnum ){
      ErrorMsg(lemp->filename,rp->ruleline,
        "%s(%s) and %s(%s) share the same label but have "
        "different datatypes.",
        rp->lhs->name, rp->lhsalias, rp->rhs[0]->name, rp->rhsalias[0]);
      lemp->errorcnt++;
    }    
  }else{
    lhsdirect = 0;
  }
  if( lhsdirect ){
    sprintf(zLhs, "yymsp[%d].minor.yy%d",1-rp->nrhs,rp->lhs->dtnum);
  }else{
    append_str(0,0,0,0);
    append_str("  YYMINORTYPE yylhsminor;\n", 0, 0, 0);
    rp->codePrefix = Strsafe(append_str(0,0,0,0));
    sprintf(zLhs, "yylhsminor.yy%d",rp->lhs->dtnum);
  }

  append_str(0,0,0,0);

  /* This const cast is wrong but harmless, if we're careful. */
  for(cp=(char *)rp->code; *cp; cp++){
    if( ISALPHA(*cp) && (cp==rp->code || (!ISALNUM(cp[-1]) && cp[-1]!='_')) ){
      char saved;
      for(xp= &cp[1]; ISALNUM(*xp) || *xp=='_'; xp++);
      saved = *xp;
      *xp = 0;
      if( rp->lhsalias && strcmp(cp,rp->lhsalias)==0 ){
        append_str(zLhs,0,0,0);
        cp = xp;
        lhsused = 1;
      }else{
        for(i=0; i<rp->nrhs; i++){
          if( rp->rhsalias[i] && strcmp(cp,rp->rhsalias[i])==0 ){
            if( cp!=rp->code && cp[-1]=='@' ){
              /* If the argument is of the form @X then substituted

          }
        }
      }
      *xp = saved;
    }
    append_str(cp, 1, 0, 0);
  } /* End loop */

  /* Main code generation completed */
  cp = append_str(0,0,0,0);
  if( cp && cp[0] ) rp->code = Strsafe(cp);
  append_str(0,0,0,0);

  /* Check to make sure the LHS has been used */
  if( rp->lhsalias && !lhsused ){
    ErrorMsg(lemp->filename,rp->ruleline,
      "Label \"%s\" for \"%s(%s)\" is never used.",
        rp->lhsalias,rp->lhs->name,rp->lhsalias);
    lemp->errorcnt++;
  }

  /* Generate destructor code for RHS minor values which are not referenced.
  ** Generate error messages for unused labels and duplicate labels.
  */
  for(i=0; i<rp->nrhs; i++){
    if( rp->rhsalias[i] ){
      if( i>0 ){
        int j;
        if( rp->lhsalias && strcmp(rp->lhsalias,rp->rhsalias[i])==0 ){
          ErrorMsg(lemp->filename,rp->ruleline,
            "%s(%s) has the same label as the LHS but is not the left-most "
            "symbol on the RHS.",
            rp->rhs[i]->name, rp->rhsalias);
          lemp->errorcnt++;
        }
        for(j=0; j<i; j++){
          if( rp->rhsalias[j] && strcmp(rp->rhsalias[j],rp->rhsalias[i])==0 ){
            ErrorMsg(lemp->filename,rp->ruleline,
              "Label %s used for multiple symbols on the RHS of a rule.",
              rp->rhsalias[i]);
            lemp->errorcnt++;
            break;
          }
        }
      }
      if( !used[i] ){
        ErrorMsg(lemp->filename,rp->ruleline,
          "Label %s for \"%s(%s)\" is never used.",
          rp->rhsalias[i],rp->rhs[i]->name,rp->rhsalias[i]);
        lemp->errorcnt++;

      }
    }else if( i>0 && has_destructor(rp->rhs[i],lemp) ){
      append_str("  yy_destructor(yypParser,%d,&yymsp[%d].minor);\n", 0,
         rp->rhs[i]->index,i-rp->nrhs+1);


    }
  }

  /* If unable to write LHS values directly into the stack, write the
  ** saved LHS value now. */
  if( lhsdirect==0 ){
    append_str("  yymsp[%d].minor.yy%d = ", 0, 1-rp->nrhs, rp->lhs->dtnum);
    append_str(zLhs, 0, 0, 0);
    append_str(";\n", 0, 0, 0);
  }

  /* Suffix code generation complete */
  cp = append_str(0,0,0,0);
  if( cp ) rp->codeSuffix = Strsafe(cp);

}

/* 
** Generate code which executes when the rule "rp" is reduced.  Write
** the code to "out".  Make sure lineno stays up-to-date.
*/
PRIVATE void emit_code(
  FILE *out,
  struct rule *rp,
  struct lemon *lemp,
  int *lineno
){
 const char *cp;

 /* Setup code prior to the #line directive */
 if( rp->codePrefix && rp->codePrefix[0] ){
   fprintf(out, "{%s", rp->codePrefix);
   for(cp=rp->codePrefix; *cp; cp++){ if( *cp=='\n' ) (*lineno)++; }
 }

 /* Generate code to do the reduce action */
 if( rp->code ){
   if( !lemp->nolinenosflag ){
     (*lineno)++;
     tplt_linedir(out,rp->line,lemp->filename);
   }
   fprintf(out,"{%s",rp->code);
   for(cp=rp->code; *cp; cp++){ if( *cp=='\n' ) (*lineno)++; }


   fprintf(out,"}\n"); (*lineno)++;
   if( !lemp->nolinenosflag ){
     (*lineno)++;
     tplt_linedir(out,*lineno,lemp->outname);
   }
 }

 /* Generate breakdown code that occurs after the #line directive */
 if( rp->codeSuffix && rp->codeSuffix[0] ){
   fprintf(out, "%s", rp->codeSuffix);
   for(cp=rp->codeSuffix; *cp; cp++){ if( *cp=='\n' ) (*lineno)++; }
 }

 if( rp->codePrefix ){
   fprintf(out, "}\n"); (*lineno)++;
 }

 return;
}

/*
** Print the definition of the union used for the parser's data stack.
** This union contains fields for every possible data type for tokens

*/
static void yy_reduce(
  yyParser *yypParser,         /* The parser */
  int yyruleno                 /* Number of the rule by which to reduce */
){
  int yygoto;                     /* The next state */
  int yyact;                      /* The next action */

  yyStackEntry *yymsp;            /* The top of the parser's stack */
  int yysize;                     /* Amount to pop the stack */
  ParseARG_FETCH;
  yymsp = &yypParser->yystack[yypParser->yyidx];
#ifndef NDEBUG
  if( yyTraceFILE && yyruleno>=0 
        && yyruleno<(int)(sizeof(yyRuleName)/sizeof(yyRuleName[0])) ){

  yyact = yy_find_reduce_action(yymsp[-yysize].stateno,(YYCODETYPE)yygoto);
  if( yyact <= YY_MAX_SHIFTREDUCE ){
    if( yyact>YY_MAX_SHIFT ) yyact += YY_MIN_REDUCE - YY_MIN_SHIFTREDUCE;
    yypParser->yyidx -= yysize - 1;
    yymsp -= yysize-1;
    yymsp->stateno = (YYACTIONTYPE)yyact;
    yymsp->major = (YYCODETYPE)yygoto;

    yyTraceShift(yypParser, yyact);
  }else{
    assert( yyact == YY_ACCEPT_ACTION );
    yypParser->yyidx -= yysize;
    yy_accept(yypParser);
  }
}