**
** Various scripts scan this source file in order to generate HTML
** documentation, headers files, or other derived files.  The formatting
** of the code in this file is, therefore, important.  See other comments
** in this file for details.  If in doubt, do not deviate from existing
** commenting and indentation practices when changing or adding code.
**
** $Id: vdbe.c,v 1.477 2005/07/23 03:18:40 drh Exp $
*/
#include "sqliteInt.h"
#include "os.h"
#include <ctype.h>
#include "vdbeInt.h"

/*
................................................................................
  Vdbe *p                    /* The VDBE */
){
  int pc;                    /* The program counter */
  Op *pOp;                   /* Current operation */
  int rc = SQLITE_OK;        /* Value to return */
  sqlite3 *db = p->db;       /* The database */
  Mem *pTos;                 /* Top entry in the operand stack */
  char zBuf[100];            /* Space to sprintf() an integer */
#ifdef VDBE_PROFILE
  unsigned long long start;  /* CPU clock count at start of opcode */
  int origPc;                /* Program counter at start of opcode */
#endif
#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_PROGRESS_CALLBACK
  int nProgressOps = 0;      /* Opcodes executed since progress callback. */
#endif
................................................................................
  wrFlag = pOp->opcode==OP_OpenWrite;
  if( p2<=0 ){
    assert( pTos>=p->aStack );
    Integerify(pTos);
    p2 = pTos->i;
    assert( (pTos->flags & MEM_Dyn)==0 );
    pTos--;
    if( p2<2 ){
      sqlite3SetString(&p->zErrMsg, "root page number less than 2", (char*)0);
      rc = SQLITE_INTERNAL;
      break;
    }
  }
  assert( i>=0 );
  pCur = allocateCursor(p, i);
  if( pCur==0 ) goto no_mem;
  pCur->nullRow = 1;
  if( pX==0 ) break;
  /* We always provide a key comparison function.  If the table being
................................................................................
  break;
}


/* An other opcode is illegal...
*/
default: {
  sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(zBuf),zBuf,"%d",pOp->opcode);
  sqlite3SetString(&p->zErrMsg, "unknown opcode ", zBuf, (char*)0);
  rc = SQLITE_INTERNAL;
  break;
}

/*****************************************************************************
** The cases of the switch statement above this line should all be indented
** by 6 spaces.  But the left-most 6 spaces have been removed to improve the
** readability.  From this point on down, the normal indentation rules are
................................................................................
    ** the evaluator loop.  So we can leave it out when NDEBUG is defined.
    */
#ifndef NDEBUG
    /* Sanity checking on the top element of the stack */
    if( pTos>=p->aStack ){
      sqlite3VdbeMemSanity(pTos, db->enc);
    }
    if( pc<-1 || pc>=p->nOp ){
      sqlite3SetString(&p->zErrMsg, "jump destination out of range", (char*)0);
      rc = SQLITE_INTERNAL;
    }
#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
    /* Code for tracing the vdbe stack. */
    if( p->trace && pTos>=p->aStack ){
      int i;
      fprintf(p->trace, "Stack:");
      for(i=0; i>-5 && &pTos[i]>=p->aStack; i--){
        if( pTos[i].flags & MEM_Null ){

**
** Various scripts scan this source file in order to generate HTML
** documentation, headers files, or other derived files.  The formatting
** of the code in this file is, therefore, important.  See other comments
** in this file for details.  If in doubt, do not deviate from existing
** commenting and indentation practices when changing or adding code.
**
** $Id: vdbe.c,v 1.478 2005/07/28 20:51:19 drh Exp $
*/
#include "sqliteInt.h"
#include "os.h"
#include <ctype.h>
#include "vdbeInt.h"

/*
................................................................................
  Vdbe *p                    /* The VDBE */
){
  int pc;                    /* The program counter */
  Op *pOp;                   /* Current operation */
  int rc = SQLITE_OK;        /* Value to return */
  sqlite3 *db = p->db;       /* The database */
  Mem *pTos;                 /* Top entry in the operand stack */

#ifdef VDBE_PROFILE
  unsigned long long start;  /* CPU clock count at start of opcode */
  int origPc;                /* Program counter at start of opcode */
#endif
#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_PROGRESS_CALLBACK
  int nProgressOps = 0;      /* Opcodes executed since progress callback. */
#endif
................................................................................
  wrFlag = pOp->opcode==OP_OpenWrite;
  if( p2<=0 ){
    assert( pTos>=p->aStack );
    Integerify(pTos);
    p2 = pTos->i;
    assert( (pTos->flags & MEM_Dyn)==0 );
    pTos--;
    assert( p2>=2 );




  }
  assert( i>=0 );
  pCur = allocateCursor(p, i);
  if( pCur==0 ) goto no_mem;
  pCur->nullRow = 1;
  if( pX==0 ) break;
  /* We always provide a key comparison function.  If the table being
................................................................................
  break;
}


/* An other opcode is illegal...
*/
default: {
  assert( 0 );


  break;
}

/*****************************************************************************
** The cases of the switch statement above this line should all be indented
** by 6 spaces.  But the left-most 6 spaces have been removed to improve the
** readability.  From this point on down, the normal indentation rules are
................................................................................
    ** the evaluator loop.  So we can leave it out when NDEBUG is defined.
    */
#ifndef NDEBUG
    /* Sanity checking on the top element of the stack */
    if( pTos>=p->aStack ){
      sqlite3VdbeMemSanity(pTos, db->enc);
    }
    assert( pc>=-1 && pc<p->nOp );



#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
    /* Code for tracing the vdbe stack. */
    if( p->trace && pTos>=p->aStack ){
      int i;
      fprintf(p->trace, "Stack:");
      for(i=0; i>-5 && &pTos[i]>=p->aStack; i--){
        if( pTos[i].flags & MEM_Null ){

** This module contains C code that generates VDBE code used to process
** the WHERE clause of SQL statements.  This module is reponsible for
** generating the code that loops through a table looking for applicable
** rows.  Indices are selected and used to speed the search when doing
** so is applicable.  Because this module is responsible for selecting
** indices, you might also think of this module as the "query optimizer".
**
** $Id: where.c,v 1.154 2005/07/28 16:51:51 drh Exp $
*/
#include "sqliteInt.h"

/*
** The number of bits in a Bitmask.  "BMS" means "BitMask Size".
*/
#define BMS  (sizeof(Bitmask)*8)
................................................................................

/*
** Bitmasks for the operators that indices are able to exploit.  An
** OR-ed combination of these values can be used when searching for
** terms in the where clause.
*/
#define WO_IN     1
#define WO_LIST   2
#define WO_SELECT 4
#define WO_EQ     8
#define WO_LT     (WO_EQ<<(TK_LT-TK_EQ))
#define WO_LE     (WO_EQ<<(TK_LE-TK_EQ))
#define WO_GT     (WO_EQ<<(TK_GT-TK_EQ))
#define WO_GE     (WO_EQ<<(TK_GE-TK_EQ))

/*
** Value for flags returned by bestIndex()
................................................................................
  if( allowedOp(pExpr->op) && (pTerm->prereqRight & prereqLeft)==0 ){
    Expr *pLeft = pExpr->pLeft;
    Expr *pRight = pExpr->pRight;
    if( pLeft->op==TK_COLUMN ){
      pTerm->leftCursor = pLeft->iTable;
      pTerm->leftColumn = pLeft->iColumn;
      pTerm->operator = operatorMask(pExpr->op);
      if( pTerm->operator==WO_IN ){
        if( pExpr->pSelect ){
          pTerm->operator |= WO_SELECT;
        }else if( pExpr->pList ){
          pTerm->operator |= WO_LIST;
        }
      }
    }
    if( pRight && pRight->op==TK_COLUMN ){
      WhereTerm *pNew;
      Expr *pDup;
      if( pTerm->leftCursor>=0 ){
        pDup = sqlite3ExprDup(pExpr);
        pNew = whereClauseInsert(pTerm->pWC, pDup, TERM_VIRTUAL|TERM_DYNAMIC);
................................................................................
  }
  return logN;
}

/*
** Find the best index for accessing a particular table.  Return a pointer
** to the index, flags that describe how the index should be used, the
** number of equality constraints and the "cost" for this index.
**
** The lowest cost index wins.  The cost is an estimate of the amount of
** CPU and disk I/O need to process the request using the selected index.
** Factors that influence cost include:
**
**    *  The estimated number of rows that will be retrieved.  (The
**       fewer the better.)
................................................................................

  TRACE(("bestIndex: tbl=%s notReady=%x\n", pSrc->pTab->zName, notReady));

  /* Check for a rowid=EXPR or rowid IN (...) constraints
  */
  pTerm = findTerm(pWC, iCur, -1, notReady, WO_EQ|WO_IN, 0);
  if( pTerm ){

    *ppIndex = 0;
    bestFlags = WHERE_ROWID_EQ;
    if( pTerm->operator & WO_EQ ){
      /* Rowid== is always the best pick.  Look no further.  Because only
      ** a single row is generated, output is always in sorted order */
      *pFlags = WHERE_ROWID_EQ;
      *pnEq = 1;
      if( pOrderBy ) *pFlags |= WHERE_ORDERBY;
      TRACE(("... best is rowid\n"));
      return 0.0;
    }else if( pTerm->operator & WO_LIST ){
      /* Rowid IN (LIST): cost is NlogN where N is the number of list
      ** elements.  */
      lowestCost = pTerm->pExpr->pList->nExpr;
      lowestCost *= estLog(lowestCost);
    }else{
      /* Rowid IN (SELECT): cost is NlogN where N is the number of rows
      ** in the result of the inner select.  We have no way to estimate
      ** that value so make a wild guess. */
      lowestCost = 200.0;
    }
................................................................................
    flags = 0;
    for(i=0; i<pProbe->nColumn; i++){
      int j = pProbe->aiColumn[i];
      pTerm = findTerm(pWC, iCur, j, notReady, WO_EQ|WO_IN, pProbe);
      if( pTerm==0 ) break;
      flags |= WHERE_COLUMN_EQ;
      if( pTerm->operator & WO_IN ){

        flags |= WHERE_COLUMN_IN;
        if( pTerm->operator & WO_SELECT ){

          inMultiplier *= 100.0;
        }else if( pTerm->operator & WO_LIST ){

          inMultiplier *= pTerm->pExpr->pList->nExpr + 1.0;
        }
      }
    }
    cost = pProbe->aiRowEst[i] * inMultiplier * estLog(inMultiplier);
    nEq = i;
    TRACE(("...... nEq=%d inMult=%.9g cost=%.9g\n", nEq, inMultiplier, cost));

    /* Look for range constraints
    */
    if( nEq<pProbe->nColumn ){
      int j = pProbe->aiColumn[nEq];
      pTerm = findTerm(pWC, iCur, j, notReady, WO_LT|WO_LE|WO_GT|WO_GE, pProbe);
      if( pTerm ){
        flags = WHERE_COLUMN_RANGE;
        if( findTerm(pWC, iCur, j, notReady, WO_LT|WO_LE, pProbe) ){
          flags |= WHERE_TOP_LIMIT;
          cost *= 0.333;
        }
        if( findTerm(pWC, iCur, j, notReady, WO_GT|WO_GE, pProbe) ){
          flags |= WHERE_BTM_LIMIT;
          cost *= 0.333;
................................................................................
    }

    /* If this index has achieved the lowest cost so far, then use it.
    */
    if( cost < lowestCost ){
      bestIdx = pProbe;
      lowestCost = cost;
      if( flags==0 ){
        flags = WHERE_COLUMN_RANGE;
      }
      bestFlags = flags;
      bestNEq = nEq;
    }
  }

  /* Report the best result
  */
................................................................................
    pLevel->aInLoop = aIn = sqliteRealloc(pLevel->aInLoop,
                                 sizeof(pLevel->aInLoop[0])*3*pLevel->nIn);
    if( aIn ){
      aIn += pLevel->nIn*3 - 3;
      aIn[0] = OP_Next;
      aIn[1] = iTab;
      aIn[2] = sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_Column, iTab, 0);


    }
#endif
  }
  disableTerm(pLevel, pTerm);
}

/*
................................................................................
      /* Case 2:  We have an inequality comparison against the ROWID field.
      */
      int testOp = OP_Noop;
      int start;
      WhereTerm *pStart, *pEnd;

      assert( omitTable==0 );
      if( pLevel->flags & WHERE_BTM_LIMIT ){
        pStart = findTerm(&wc, iCur, -1, notReady, WO_GT|WO_GE, 0);
        assert( pStart!=0 );
      }else{
        pStart = 0;
      }
      if( pLevel->flags & WHERE_TOP_LIMIT ){
        pEnd = findTerm(&wc, iCur, -1, notReady, WO_LT|WO_LE, 0);
        assert( pEnd!=0 );
      }else{
        pEnd = 0;
      }
      if( bRev ){
        pTerm = pStart;
        pStart = pEnd;
        pEnd = pTerm;
      }
      if( pStart ){
        Expr *pX;
................................................................................
      }
      pLevel->p1 = iIdxCur;
      pLevel->p2 = start;
    }else{
      /* Case 5:  There is no usable index.  We must do a complete
      **          scan of the entire table.
      */
      int opRewind;

      assert( omitTable==0 );
      if( bRev ){
        opRewind = OP_Last;
        pLevel->op = OP_Prev;
      }else{
        opRewind = OP_Rewind;
        pLevel->op = OP_Next;
      }
      pLevel->p1 = iCur;
      pLevel->p2 = 1 + sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, opRewind, iCur, brk);
    }
    notReady &= ~getMask(&maskSet, iCur);

    /* Insert code to test every subexpression that can be completely
    ** computed using the current set of tables.
    */
    for(pTerm=wc.a, j=wc.nTerm; j>0; j--, pTerm++){

** This module contains C code that generates VDBE code used to process
** the WHERE clause of SQL statements.  This module is reponsible for
** generating the code that loops through a table looking for applicable
** rows.  Indices are selected and used to speed the search when doing
** so is applicable.  Because this module is responsible for selecting
** indices, you might also think of this module as the "query optimizer".
**
** $Id: where.c,v 1.155 2005/07/28 20:51:19 drh Exp $
*/
#include "sqliteInt.h"

/*
** The number of bits in a Bitmask.  "BMS" means "BitMask Size".
*/
#define BMS  (sizeof(Bitmask)*8)
................................................................................

/*
** Bitmasks for the operators that indices are able to exploit.  An
** OR-ed combination of these values can be used when searching for
** terms in the where clause.
*/
#define WO_IN     1


#define WO_EQ     2
#define WO_LT     (WO_EQ<<(TK_LT-TK_EQ))
#define WO_LE     (WO_EQ<<(TK_LE-TK_EQ))
#define WO_GT     (WO_EQ<<(TK_GT-TK_EQ))
#define WO_GE     (WO_EQ<<(TK_GE-TK_EQ))

/*
** Value for flags returned by bestIndex()
................................................................................
  if( allowedOp(pExpr->op) && (pTerm->prereqRight & prereqLeft)==0 ){
    Expr *pLeft = pExpr->pLeft;
    Expr *pRight = pExpr->pRight;
    if( pLeft->op==TK_COLUMN ){
      pTerm->leftCursor = pLeft->iTable;
      pTerm->leftColumn = pLeft->iColumn;
      pTerm->operator = operatorMask(pExpr->op);







    }
    if( pRight && pRight->op==TK_COLUMN ){
      WhereTerm *pNew;
      Expr *pDup;
      if( pTerm->leftCursor>=0 ){
        pDup = sqlite3ExprDup(pExpr);
        pNew = whereClauseInsert(pTerm->pWC, pDup, TERM_VIRTUAL|TERM_DYNAMIC);
................................................................................
  }
  return logN;
}

/*
** Find the best index for accessing a particular table.  Return a pointer
** to the index, flags that describe how the index should be used, the
** number of equality constraints, and the "cost" for this index.
**
** The lowest cost index wins.  The cost is an estimate of the amount of
** CPU and disk I/O need to process the request using the selected index.
** Factors that influence cost include:
**
**    *  The estimated number of rows that will be retrieved.  (The
**       fewer the better.)
................................................................................

  TRACE(("bestIndex: tbl=%s notReady=%x\n", pSrc->pTab->zName, notReady));

  /* Check for a rowid=EXPR or rowid IN (...) constraints
  */
  pTerm = findTerm(pWC, iCur, -1, notReady, WO_EQ|WO_IN, 0);
  if( pTerm ){
    Expr *pExpr;
    *ppIndex = 0;
    bestFlags = WHERE_ROWID_EQ;
    if( pTerm->operator & WO_EQ ){
      /* Rowid== is always the best pick.  Look no further.  Because only
      ** a single row is generated, output is always in sorted order */
      *pFlags = WHERE_ROWID_EQ;
      *pnEq = 1;
      if( pOrderBy ) *pFlags |= WHERE_ORDERBY;
      TRACE(("... best is rowid\n"));
      return 0.0;
    }else if( (pExpr = pTerm->pExpr)->pList!=0 ){
      /* Rowid IN (LIST): cost is NlogN where N is the number of list
      ** elements.  */
      lowestCost = pExpr->pList->nExpr;
      lowestCost *= estLog(lowestCost);
    }else{
      /* Rowid IN (SELECT): cost is NlogN where N is the number of rows
      ** in the result of the inner select.  We have no way to estimate
      ** that value so make a wild guess. */
      lowestCost = 200.0;
    }
................................................................................
    flags = 0;
    for(i=0; i<pProbe->nColumn; i++){
      int j = pProbe->aiColumn[i];
      pTerm = findTerm(pWC, iCur, j, notReady, WO_EQ|WO_IN, pProbe);
      if( pTerm==0 ) break;
      flags |= WHERE_COLUMN_EQ;
      if( pTerm->operator & WO_IN ){
        Expr *pExpr = pTerm->pExpr;
        flags |= WHERE_COLUMN_IN;

        if( pExpr->pSelect!=0 ){
          inMultiplier *= 100.0;

        }else if( pExpr->pList!=0 ){
          inMultiplier *= pExpr->pList->nExpr + 1.0;
        }
      }
    }
    cost = pProbe->aiRowEst[i] * inMultiplier * estLog(inMultiplier);
    nEq = i;
    TRACE(("...... nEq=%d inMult=%.9g cost=%.9g\n", nEq, inMultiplier, cost));

    /* Look for range constraints
    */
    if( nEq<pProbe->nColumn ){
      int j = pProbe->aiColumn[nEq];
      pTerm = findTerm(pWC, iCur, j, notReady, WO_LT|WO_LE|WO_GT|WO_GE, pProbe);
      if( pTerm ){
        flags |= WHERE_COLUMN_RANGE;
        if( findTerm(pWC, iCur, j, notReady, WO_LT|WO_LE, pProbe) ){
          flags |= WHERE_TOP_LIMIT;
          cost *= 0.333;
        }
        if( findTerm(pWC, iCur, j, notReady, WO_GT|WO_GE, pProbe) ){
          flags |= WHERE_BTM_LIMIT;
          cost *= 0.333;
................................................................................
    }

    /* If this index has achieved the lowest cost so far, then use it.
    */
    if( cost < lowestCost ){
      bestIdx = pProbe;
      lowestCost = cost;
      assert( flags!=0 );


      bestFlags = flags;
      bestNEq = nEq;
    }
  }

  /* Report the best result
  */
................................................................................
    pLevel->aInLoop = aIn = sqliteRealloc(pLevel->aInLoop,
                                 sizeof(pLevel->aInLoop[0])*3*pLevel->nIn);
    if( aIn ){
      aIn += pLevel->nIn*3 - 3;
      aIn[0] = OP_Next;
      aIn[1] = iTab;
      aIn[2] = sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_Column, iTab, 0);
    }else{
      pLevel->nIn = 0;
    }
#endif
  }
  disableTerm(pLevel, pTerm);
}

/*
................................................................................
      /* Case 2:  We have an inequality comparison against the ROWID field.
      */
      int testOp = OP_Noop;
      int start;
      WhereTerm *pStart, *pEnd;

      assert( omitTable==0 );

      pStart = findTerm(&wc, iCur, -1, notReady, WO_GT|WO_GE, 0);





      pEnd = findTerm(&wc, iCur, -1, notReady, WO_LT|WO_LE, 0);




      if( bRev ){
        pTerm = pStart;
        pStart = pEnd;
        pEnd = pTerm;
      }
      if( pStart ){
        Expr *pX;
................................................................................
      }
      pLevel->p1 = iIdxCur;
      pLevel->p2 = start;
    }else{
      /* Case 5:  There is no usable index.  We must do a complete
      **          scan of the entire table.
      */


      assert( omitTable==0 );
      assert( bRev==0 );




      pLevel->op = OP_Next;

      pLevel->p1 = iCur;
      pLevel->p2 = 1 + sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_Rewind, iCur, brk);
    }
    notReady &= ~getMask(&maskSet, iCur);

    /* Insert code to test every subexpression that can be completely
    ** computed using the current set of tables.
    */
    for(pTerm=wc.a, j=wc.nTerm; j>0; j--, pTerm++){

# 2005 July 28
#
# The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
# a legal notice, here is a blessing:
#
#    May you do good and not evil.
#    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
#    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
#
#***********************************************************************
# This file implements regression tests for SQLite library.  The
# focus of this file is testing the use of indices in WHERE clauses
# based on recent changes to the optimizer.
#
# $Id: where2.test,v 1.1 2005/07/28 20:51:19 drh Exp $

set testdir [file dirname $argv0]
source $testdir/tester.tcl

# Build some test data
#
do_test where2-1.0 {
  execsql {
    BEGIN;
    CREATE TABLE t1(w int, x int, y int, z int);
  }
  for {set i 1} {$i<=100} {incr i} {
    set w $i
    set x [expr {int(log($i)/log(2))}]
    set y [expr {$i*$i + 2*$i + 1}]
    set z [expr {$x+$y}]
    execsql {INSERT INTO t1 VALUES($::w,$::x,$::y,$::z)}
  }
  execsql {
    CREATE UNIQUE INDEX i1w ON t1(w);
    CREATE INDEX i1xy ON t1(x,y);
    CREATE INDEX i1zyx ON t1(z,y,x);
    COMMIT;
  }
} {}

# Do an SQL statement.  Append the search count to the end of the result.
#
proc count sql {
  set ::sqlite_search_count 0
  return [concat [execsql $sql] $::sqlite_search_count]
}

# This procedure executes the SQL.  Then it checks to see if the OP_Sort
# opcode was executed.  If an OP_Sort did occur, then "sort" is appended
# to the result.  If no OP_Sort happened, then "nosort" is appended.
#
# This procedure is used to check to make sure sorting is or is not
# occurring as expected.
#
proc cksort {sql} {
  set ::sqlite_sort_count 0
  set data [execsql $sql]
  if {$::sqlite_sort_count} {set x sort} {set x nosort}
  lappend data $x
  return $data
}

# This procedure executes the SQL.  Then it appends to the result the
# "sort" or "nosort" keyword (as in the cksort procedure above) then
# it appends the ::sqlite_query_plan variable.
#
proc queryplan {sql} {
  set ::sqlite_sort_count 0
  set data [execsql $sql]
  if {$::sqlite_sort_count} {set x sort} {set x nosort}
  lappend data $x
  return [concat $data $::sqlite_query_plan]
}


# Prefer a UNIQUE index over another index.
#
do_test where2-1.1 {
  queryplan {
    SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE w=85 AND x=6 AND y=7396
  }
} {85 6 7396 7402 nosort t1 i1w}

# Always prefer a rowid== constraint over any other index.
#
do_test where2-1.3 {
  queryplan {
    SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE w=85 AND x=6 AND y=7396 AND rowid=85
  }
} {85 6 7396 7402 nosort t1 *}

# When constrained by a UNIQUE index, the ORDER BY clause is always ignored.
#
do_test where2-2.1 {
  queryplan {
    SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE w=85 ORDER BY random(5);
  }
} {85 6 7396 7402 nosort t1 i1w}
do_test where2-2.2 {
  queryplan {
    SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE x=6 AND y=7396 ORDER BY random(5);
  }
} {85 6 7396 7402 sort t1 i1xy}
do_test where2-2.3 {
  queryplan {
    SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE rowid=85 AND x=6 AND y=7396 ORDER BY random(5);
  }
} {85 6 7396 7402 nosort t1 *}


# Efficient handling of forward and reverse table scans.
#
do_test where2-3.1 {
  queryplan {
    SELECT * FROM t1 ORDER BY rowid LIMIT 2
  }
} {1 0 4 4 2 1 9 10 nosort t1 *}
do_test where2-3.2 {
  queryplan {
    SELECT * FROM t1 ORDER BY rowid DESC LIMIT 2
  }
} {100 6 10201 10207 99 6 10000 10006 nosort t1 *}

# The IN operator can be used by indices at multiple layers
#
do_test where2-4.1 {
  queryplan {
    SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE z IN (10207,10006) AND y IN (10000,10201)
                     AND x>0 AND x<10
    ORDER BY w
  }
} {99 6 10000 10006 100 6 10201 10207 sort t1 i1zyx}
do_test where2-4.2 {
  queryplan {
    SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE z IN (10207,10006) AND y=10000
                     AND x>0 AND x<10
    ORDER BY w
  }
} {99 6 10000 10006 sort t1 i1zyx}
do_test where2-4.3 {
  queryplan {
    SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE z=10006 AND y IN (10000,10201)
                     AND x>0 AND x<10
    ORDER BY w
  }
} {99 6 10000 10006 sort t1 i1zyx}
do_test where2-4.4 {
  queryplan {
    SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE z IN (SELECT 10207 UNION SELECT 10006)
                     AND y IN (10000,10201)
                     AND x>0 AND x<10
    ORDER BY w
  }
} {99 6 10000 10006 100 6 10201 10207 sort t1 i1zyx}
do_test where2-4.5 {
  queryplan {
    SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE z IN (SELECT 10207 UNION SELECT 10006)
                     AND y IN (SELECT 10000 UNION SELECT 10201)
                     AND x>0 AND x<10
    ORDER BY w
  }
} {99 6 10000 10006 100 6 10201 10207 sort t1 i1zyx}
do_test where2-4.6 {
  queryplan {
    SELECT * FROM t1
     WHERE x IN (1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8)
       AND y IN (10000,10001,10002,10003,10004,10005)
     ORDER BY 2
  }
} {99 6 10000 10006 sort t1 i1xy}

# Duplicate entires on the RHS of an IN operator do not cause duplicate
# output rows.
#
do_test where2-4.6 {
  queryplan {
    SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE z IN (10207,10006,10006,10207)
    ORDER BY w
  }
} {99 6 10000 10006 100 6 10201 10207 sort t1 i1zyx}
do_test where2-4.7 {
  queryplan {
    SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE z IN (
       SELECT 10207 UNION ALL SELECT 10006
       UNION ALL SELECT 10006 UNION ALL SELECT 10207)
    ORDER BY w
  }
} {99 6 10000 10006 100 6 10201 10207 sort t1 i1zyx}

# The use of an IN operator disables the index as a sorter.
#
do_test where2-5.1 {
  queryplan {
    SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE w=99 ORDER BY w
  }
} {99 6 10000 10006 nosort t1 i1w}
do_test where2-5.2 {
  queryplan {
    SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE w IN (99) ORDER BY w
  }
} {99 6 10000 10006 sort t1 i1w}


integrity_check {where2-99.0}

finish_test