**     DROP TABLE
**     CREATE INDEX
**     DROP INDEX
**     creating expressions and ID lists
**     COPY
**     VACUUM
**
** $Id: build.c,v 1.25 2001/01/15 22:51:09 drh Exp $
*/
#include "sqliteInt.h"

/*
** This routine is called after a single SQL statement has been
** parsed and we want to execute the VDBE code to implement 
** that statement.  Prior action routines should have already
................................................................................
    }
  }

vacuum_cleanup:
  sqliteFree(zName);
  return;
}

**     DROP TABLE
**     CREATE INDEX
**     DROP INDEX
**     creating expressions and ID lists
**     COPY
**     VACUUM
**
** $Id: build.c,v 1.26 2001/04/04 11:48:57 drh Exp $
*/
#include "sqliteInt.h"

/*
** This routine is called after a single SQL statement has been
** parsed and we want to execute the VDBE code to implement 
** that statement.  Prior action routines should have already
................................................................................
    }
  }

vacuum_cleanup:
  sqliteFree(zName);
  return;
}

/*
** Begin a transaction
*/
void sqliteBeginTransaction(Parse *pParse){
  int rc;
  DbbeMethods *pM;
  sqlite *db;
  if( pParse==0 || (db=pParse->db)==0 || db->pBe==0 ) return;
  if( db->flags & SQLITE_InTrans ) return;
  pM = pParse->db->pBe->x;
  if( pM && pM->BeginTransaction ){
    rc = (*pM->BeginTransaction)(pParse->db->pBe);
  }else{
    rc = SQLITE_OK;
  }
  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
    db->flags |= SQLITE_InTrans;
  }
}

/*
** Commit a transaction
*/
void sqliteCommitTransaction(Parse *pParse){
  int rc;
  DbbeMethods *pM;
  sqlite *db;
  if( pParse==0 || (db=pParse->db)==0 || db->pBe==0 ) return;
  if( (db->flags & SQLITE_InTrans)==0 ) return;
  pM = pParse->db->pBe->x;
  if( pM && pM->Commit ){
    rc = (*pM->Commit)(pParse->db->pBe);
  }else{
    rc = SQLITE_OK;
  }
  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
    db->flags &= ~SQLITE_InTrans;
  }
}

/*
** Rollback a transaction
*/
void sqliteRollbackTransaction(Parse *pParse){
  int rc;
  DbbeMethods *pM;
  sqlite *db;
  if( pParse==0 || (db=pParse->db)==0 || db->pBe==0 ) return;
  if( (db->flags & SQLITE_InTrans)==0 ) return;
  pM = pParse->db->pBe->x;
  if( pM && pM->Rollback ){
    rc = (*pM->Rollback)(pParse->db->pBe);
  }else{
    rc = SQLITE_OK;
  }
  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
    db->flags &= ~SQLITE_InTrans;
  }
}

** This file defines the interface to the database backend (Dbbe).
**
** The database backend is designed to be as general as possible
** so that it can easily be replaced by a different backend.
** This library was originally designed to support the following
** backends: GDBM, NDBM, SDBM, Berkeley DB.
**
** $Id: dbbe.h,v 1.12 2001/04/03 16:53:22 drh Exp $
*/
#ifndef _SQLITE_DBBE_H_
#define _SQLITE_DBBE_H_
#include <stdio.h>

/*
** The database backend supports two opaque structures.  A Dbbe is
................................................................................
  /* Write an entry into a table.  If another entry already exists with
  ** the same key, the old entry is discarded first.
  */
  int (*Put)(DbbeCursor*, int nKey, char *pKey, int nData, char *pData);

  /* Remove an entry from the table */
  int (*Delete)(DbbeCursor*, int nKey, char *pKey);









};

/*
** This is the structure returned by sqliteDbbeOpen().  It contains
** information common to all the different backend drivers.
**
** The information in this structure (with the exception the method

** This file defines the interface to the database backend (Dbbe).
**
** The database backend is designed to be as general as possible
** so that it can easily be replaced by a different backend.
** This library was originally designed to support the following
** backends: GDBM, NDBM, SDBM, Berkeley DB.
**
** $Id: dbbe.h,v 1.13 2001/04/04 11:48:57 drh Exp $
*/
#ifndef _SQLITE_DBBE_H_
#define _SQLITE_DBBE_H_
#include <stdio.h>

/*
** The database backend supports two opaque structures.  A Dbbe is
................................................................................
  /* Write an entry into a table.  If another entry already exists with
  ** the same key, the old entry is discarded first.
  */
  int (*Put)(DbbeCursor*, int nKey, char *pKey, int nData, char *pData);

  /* Remove an entry from the table */
  int (*Delete)(DbbeCursor*, int nKey, char *pKey);

  /* Begin a transaction. */
  int (*BeginTransaction)(Dbbe*);

  /* Commit a transaction. */
  int (*Commit)(Dbbe*);

  /* Rollback a transaction. */
  int (*Rollback)(Dbbe*);
};

/*
** This is the structure returned by sqliteDbbeOpen().  It contains
** information common to all the different backend drivers.
**
** The information in this structure (with the exception the method

** sqlite and the code that does the actually reading and writing
** of information to the disk.
**
** This file uses GDBM as the database backend.  It should be
** relatively simple to convert to a different database such
** as NDBM, SDBM, or BerkeleyDB.
**
** $Id: dbbegdbm.c,v 1.5 2001/04/03 16:53:22 drh Exp $
*/
#include "sqliteInt.h"
#include <gdbm.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <ctype.h>
#include <time.h>
................................................................................
** The following structure contains all information used by GDBM
** database driver.  This is a subclass of the Dbbe structure.
*/
typedef struct Dbbex Dbbex;
struct Dbbex {
  Dbbe dbbe;         /* The base class */
  int write;         /* True for write permission */

  BeFile *pOpen;     /* List of open files */
  char *zDir;        /* Directory hold the database */
};

/*
** An cursor into a database file is an instance of the following structure.
** There can only be a single BeFile structure for each disk file, but
................................................................................
  DbbeCursor *pCursr;     /* The new table cursor */
  BeFile *pFile;          /* The underlying data file for this table */
  int rc = SQLITE_OK;     /* Return value */
  int rw_mask;            /* Permissions mask for opening a table */
  int mode;               /* Mode for opening a table */
  Dbbex *pBe = (Dbbex*)pDbbe;


  *ppCursr = 0;
  pCursr = sqliteMalloc( sizeof(*pCursr) );
  if( pCursr==0 ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
  if( zTable ){
    zFile = sqliteFileOfTable(pBe, zTable);
    for(pFile=pBe->pOpen; pFile; pFile=pFile->pNext){
      if( strcmp(pFile->zName,zFile)==0 ) break;
................................................................................
        zFile = sqliteFileOfTable(pBe, zRandom);
        pFile->dbf = gdbm_open(zFile, 0, rw_mask, mode, 0);
      }while( pFile->dbf==0 && limit-- >= 0);
      pFile->delOnClose = 1;
    }
    pFile->writeable = writeable;
    pFile->zName = zFile;
    pFile->nRef = 1;
    pFile->pPrev = 0;
    if( pBe->pOpen ){
      pBe->pOpen->pPrev = pFile;
    }
    pFile->pNext = pBe->pOpen;
    pBe->pOpen = pFile;
    if( pFile->dbf==0 ){
................................................................................
static void sqliteGdbmDropTable(Dbbe *pBe, const char *zTable){
  char *zFile;            /* Name of the table file */

  zFile = sqliteFileOfTable((Dbbex*)pBe, zTable);
  unlink(zFile);
  sqliteFree(zFile);
}
























/*
** Close a cursor previously opened by sqliteGdbmOpenCursor().
**
** There can be multiple cursors pointing to the same open file.
** The underlying file is not closed until all cursors have been
** closed.  This routine decrements the BeFile.nref field of the
................................................................................
  pFile = pCursr->pFile;
  pBe = pCursr->pBe;
  pFile->nRef--;
  if( pFile->dbf!=NULL ){
    gdbm_sync(pFile->dbf);
  }
  if( pFile->nRef<=0 ){
    if( pFile->dbf!=NULL ){
      gdbm_close(pFile->dbf);
    }
    if( pFile->pPrev ){
      pFile->pPrev->pNext = pFile->pNext;
    }else{
      pBe->pOpen = pFile->pNext;
    }
    if( pFile->pNext ){
      pFile->pNext->pPrev = pFile->pPrev;
    }
    if( pFile->delOnClose ){
      unlink(pFile->zName);
    }
    sqliteFree(pFile->zName);
    memset(pFile, 0, sizeof(*pFile));
    sqliteFree(pFile);
  }
  if( pCursr->key.dptr ) free(pCursr->key.dptr);
  if( pCursr->data.dptr ) free(pCursr->data.dptr);
  memset(pCursr, 0, sizeof(*pCursr));
  sqliteFree(pCursr);
}

................................................................................
static int sqliteGdbmNew(DbbeCursor *pCursr){
  int iKey;
  datum key;
  int go = 1;

  if( pCursr->pFile==0 || pCursr->pFile->dbf==0 ) return 1;
  while( go ){
    iKey = sqliteRandomInteger();
    if( iKey==0 ) continue;
    key.dptr = (char*)&iKey;
    key.dsize = 4;
    go = gdbm_exists(pCursr->pFile->dbf, key);
  }
  return iKey;
}   
................................................................................
  if( pCursr->pFile==0 || pCursr->pFile->dbf==0 ) return SQLITE_ERROR;
  key.dsize = nKey;
  key.dptr = pKey;
  rc = gdbm_delete(pCursr->pFile->dbf, key);
  if( rc ) rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
  return rc;
}



































/*
** This variable contains pointers to all of the access methods
** used to implement the GDBM backend.
*/
static struct DbbeMethods gdbmMethods = {
  /*           Close */   sqliteGdbmClose,
................................................................................
  /*       KeyLength */   sqliteGdbmKeyLength,
  /*      DataLength */   sqliteGdbmDataLength,
  /*         NextKey */   sqliteGdbmNextKey,
  /*          Rewind */   sqliteGdbmRewind,
  /*             New */   sqliteGdbmNew,
  /*             Put */   sqliteGdbmPut,
  /*          Delete */   sqliteGdbmDelete,



};


/*
** This routine opens a new database.  For the GDBM driver
** implemented here, the database name is the name of the directory
** containing all the files of the database.

** sqlite and the code that does the actually reading and writing
** of information to the disk.
**
** This file uses GDBM as the database backend.  It should be
** relatively simple to convert to a different database such
** as NDBM, SDBM, or BerkeleyDB.
**
** $Id: dbbegdbm.c,v 1.6 2001/04/04 11:48:57 drh Exp $
*/
#include "sqliteInt.h"
#include <gdbm.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <ctype.h>
#include <time.h>
................................................................................
** The following structure contains all information used by GDBM
** database driver.  This is a subclass of the Dbbe structure.
*/
typedef struct Dbbex Dbbex;
struct Dbbex {
  Dbbe dbbe;         /* The base class */
  int write;         /* True for write permission */
  int inTrans;       /* Currently in a transaction */
  BeFile *pOpen;     /* List of open files */
  char *zDir;        /* Directory hold the database */
};

/*
** An cursor into a database file is an instance of the following structure.
** There can only be a single BeFile structure for each disk file, but
................................................................................
  DbbeCursor *pCursr;     /* The new table cursor */
  BeFile *pFile;          /* The underlying data file for this table */
  int rc = SQLITE_OK;     /* Return value */
  int rw_mask;            /* Permissions mask for opening a table */
  int mode;               /* Mode for opening a table */
  Dbbex *pBe = (Dbbex*)pDbbe;

  if( pBe->inTrans ) writeable = 1;
  *ppCursr = 0;
  pCursr = sqliteMalloc( sizeof(*pCursr) );
  if( pCursr==0 ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
  if( zTable ){
    zFile = sqliteFileOfTable(pBe, zTable);
    for(pFile=pBe->pOpen; pFile; pFile=pFile->pNext){
      if( strcmp(pFile->zName,zFile)==0 ) break;
................................................................................
        zFile = sqliteFileOfTable(pBe, zRandom);
        pFile->dbf = gdbm_open(zFile, 0, rw_mask, mode, 0);
      }while( pFile->dbf==0 && limit-- >= 0);
      pFile->delOnClose = 1;
    }
    pFile->writeable = writeable;
    pFile->zName = zFile;
    pFile->nRef = 1 + pBe->inTrans;
    pFile->pPrev = 0;
    if( pBe->pOpen ){
      pBe->pOpen->pPrev = pFile;
    }
    pFile->pNext = pBe->pOpen;
    pBe->pOpen = pFile;
    if( pFile->dbf==0 ){
................................................................................
static void sqliteGdbmDropTable(Dbbe *pBe, const char *zTable){
  char *zFile;            /* Name of the table file */

  zFile = sqliteFileOfTable((Dbbex*)pBe, zTable);
  unlink(zFile);
  sqliteFree(zFile);
}

/*
** Unlink a file pointer
*/
static void sqliteUnlinkFile(Dbbex *pBe, BeFile *pFile){
  if( pFile->dbf!=NULL ){
    gdbm_close(pFile->dbf);
  }
  if( pFile->pPrev ){
    pFile->pPrev->pNext = pFile->pNext;
  }else{
    pBe->pOpen = pFile->pNext;
  }
  if( pFile->pNext ){
    pFile->pNext->pPrev = pFile->pPrev;
  }
  if( pFile->delOnClose ){
    unlink(pFile->zName);
  }
  sqliteFree(pFile->zName);
  memset(pFile, 0, sizeof(*pFile));
  sqliteFree(pFile);
}

/*
** Close a cursor previously opened by sqliteGdbmOpenCursor().
**
** There can be multiple cursors pointing to the same open file.
** The underlying file is not closed until all cursors have been
** closed.  This routine decrements the BeFile.nref field of the
................................................................................
  pFile = pCursr->pFile;
  pBe = pCursr->pBe;
  pFile->nRef--;
  if( pFile->dbf!=NULL ){
    gdbm_sync(pFile->dbf);
  }
  if( pFile->nRef<=0 ){
    sqliteUnlinkFile(pBe, pFile);
















  }
  if( pCursr->key.dptr ) free(pCursr->key.dptr);
  if( pCursr->data.dptr ) free(pCursr->data.dptr);
  memset(pCursr, 0, sizeof(*pCursr));
  sqliteFree(pCursr);
}

................................................................................
static int sqliteGdbmNew(DbbeCursor *pCursr){
  int iKey;
  datum key;
  int go = 1;

  if( pCursr->pFile==0 || pCursr->pFile->dbf==0 ) return 1;
  while( go ){
    iKey = sqliteRandomInteger() & 0x7fffffff;
    if( iKey==0 ) continue;
    key.dptr = (char*)&iKey;
    key.dsize = 4;
    go = gdbm_exists(pCursr->pFile->dbf, key);
  }
  return iKey;
}   
................................................................................
  if( pCursr->pFile==0 || pCursr->pFile->dbf==0 ) return SQLITE_ERROR;
  key.dsize = nKey;
  key.dptr = pKey;
  rc = gdbm_delete(pCursr->pFile->dbf, key);
  if( rc ) rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
  return rc;
}

/*
** Begin a transaction.
*/
static int sqliteGdbmBeginTrans(Dbbe *pDbbe){
  Dbbex *pBe = (Dbbex*)pDbbe;
  BeFile *pFile;
  if( pBe->inTrans ) return SQLITE_OK;
  for(pFile=pBe->pOpen; pFile; pFile=pFile->pNext){
    pFile->nRef++;
  }
  pBe->inTrans = 1;
  return SQLITE_OK;  
}

/*
** End a transaction.
*/
static int sqliteGdbmEndTrans(Dbbe *pDbbe){
  Dbbex *pBe = (Dbbex*)pDbbe;
  BeFile *pFile, *pNext;
  if( !pBe->inTrans ) return SQLITE_OK;
  for(pFile=pBe->pOpen; pFile; pFile=pNext){
    pNext = pFile->pNext;
    pFile->nRef--;
    if( pFile->nRef<=0 ){
      sqliteUnlinkFile(pBe, pFile);
    }
  }
  pBe->inTrans = 0;
  return SQLITE_OK;  
}



/*
** This variable contains pointers to all of the access methods
** used to implement the GDBM backend.
*/
static struct DbbeMethods gdbmMethods = {
  /*           Close */   sqliteGdbmClose,
................................................................................
  /*       KeyLength */   sqliteGdbmKeyLength,
  /*      DataLength */   sqliteGdbmDataLength,
  /*         NextKey */   sqliteGdbmNextKey,
  /*          Rewind */   sqliteGdbmRewind,
  /*             New */   sqliteGdbmNew,
  /*             Put */   sqliteGdbmPut,
  /*          Delete */   sqliteGdbmDelete,
  /*      BeginTrans */   sqliteGdbmBeginTrans,
  /*          Commit */   sqliteGdbmEndTrans,
  /*        Rollback */   sqliteGdbmEndTrans,
};


/*
** This routine opens a new database.  For the GDBM driver
** implemented here, the database name is the name of the directory
** containing all the files of the database.

** sqlite and the code that does the actually reading and writing
** of information to the disk.
**
** This file uses an in-memory hash table as the database backend. 
** Nothing is ever written to disk using this backend.  All information
** is forgotten when the program exits.
**
** $Id: dbbemem.c,v 1.12 2001/04/03 16:53:22 drh Exp $
*/
#include "sqliteInt.h"
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <ctype.h>
#include <time.h>

................................................................................
*/
static int sqliteMemNew(DbbeCursor *pCursr){
  int iKey;
  Datum key;
  int go = 1;

  while( go ){
    iKey = sqliteRandomInteger();
    if( iKey==0 ) continue;
    key.p = (char*)&iKey;
    key.n = 4;
    go = ArrayFindElement(&pCursr->pTble->data, key)!=0;
  }
  return iKey;
}   

** sqlite and the code that does the actually reading and writing
** of information to the disk.
**
** This file uses an in-memory hash table as the database backend. 
** Nothing is ever written to disk using this backend.  All information
** is forgotten when the program exits.
**
** $Id: dbbemem.c,v 1.13 2001/04/04 11:48:58 drh Exp $
*/
#include "sqliteInt.h"
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <ctype.h>
#include <time.h>

................................................................................
*/
static int sqliteMemNew(DbbeCursor *pCursr){
  int iKey;
  Datum key;
  int go = 1;

  while( go ){
    iKey = sqliteRandomInteger() & 0x7fffffff;
    if( iKey==0 ) continue;
    key.p = (char*)&iKey;
    key.n = 4;
    go = ArrayFindElement(&pCursr->pTble->data, key)!=0;
  }
  return iKey;
}   

**   drh@hwaci.com
**   http://www.hwaci.com/drh/
**
*************************************************************************
** This file contains routines used for analyzing expressions and
** for generating VDBE code that evaluates expressions.
**
** $Id: expr.c,v 1.21 2001/01/15 22:51:10 drh Exp $
*/
#include "sqliteInt.h"

/*
** Walk an expression tree.  Return 1 if the expression is constant
** and 0 if it involves variables.
*/
................................................................................
      ExprList *pList = pExpr->pList;
      for(i=0; i<pList->nExpr; i++){
        sqliteExprResolveInSelect(pParse, pList->a[i].pExpr);
      }
    }
  }
}











/*
** This routine walks an expression tree and resolves references to
** table columns.  Nodes of the form ID.ID or ID resolve into an
** index to the table in the table list and a column offset.  The opcode
** for such nodes is changed to TK_COLUMN.  The iTable value is changed
** to the index of the referenced table in pTabList plus the pParse->nTab
................................................................................
** the number of errors seen and leaves an error message on pParse->zErrMsg.
*/
int sqliteExprResolveIds(Parse *pParse, IdList *pTabList, Expr *pExpr){
  if( pExpr==0 ) return 0;
  switch( pExpr->op ){
    /* A lone identifier */
    case TK_ID: {
      int cnt = 0;   /* Number of matches */
      int i;         /* Loop counter */

      char *z = sqliteStrNDup(pExpr->token.z, pExpr->token.n);
      for(i=0; i<pTabList->nId; i++){
        int j;
        Table *pTab = pTabList->a[i].pTab;
        if( pTab==0 ) continue;
        for(j=0; j<pTab->nCol; j++){
          if( sqliteStrICmp(pTab->aCol[j].zName, z)==0 ){
            cnt++;
            pExpr->iTable = i + pParse->nTab;
            pExpr->iColumn = j;
          }
        }





      }
      sqliteFree(z);
      if( cnt==0 ){
        sqliteSetNString(&pParse->zErrMsg, "no such column: ", -1,  
          pExpr->token.z, pExpr->token.n, 0);
        pParse->nErr++;
        return 1;
................................................................................
      pExpr->op = TK_COLUMN;
      break; 
    }
  
    /* A table name and column name:  ID.ID */
    case TK_DOT: {
      int cnt = 0;             /* Number of matches */

      int i;                   /* Loop counter */
      Expr *pLeft, *pRight;    /* Left and right subbranches of the expr */
      char *zLeft, *zRight;    /* Text of an identifier */

      pLeft = pExpr->pLeft;
      pRight = pExpr->pRight;
      assert( pLeft && pLeft->op==TK_ID );
      assert( pRight && pRight->op==TK_ID );
      zLeft = sqliteStrNDup(pLeft->token.z, pLeft->token.n);
      zRight = sqliteStrNDup(pRight->token.z, pRight->token.n);

      for(i=0; i<pTabList->nId; i++){
        int j;
        char *zTab;
        Table *pTab = pTabList->a[i].pTab;
        if( pTab==0 ) continue;
        if( pTabList->a[i].zAlias ){
          zTab = pTabList->a[i].zAlias;
        }else{
          zTab = pTab->zName;
        }
        if( sqliteStrICmp(zTab, zLeft)!=0 ) continue;

        for(j=0; j<pTab->nCol; j++){
          if( sqliteStrICmp(pTab->aCol[j].zName, zRight)==0 ){
            cnt++;
            pExpr->iTable = i + pParse->nTab;
            pExpr->iColumn = j;
          }
        }




      }
      sqliteFree(zLeft);
      sqliteFree(zRight);
      if( cnt==0 ){
        sqliteSetNString(&pParse->zErrMsg, "no such column: ", -1,  
          pLeft->token.z, pLeft->token.n, ".", 1, 
          pRight->token.z, pRight->token.n, 0);
................................................................................
    case TK_UMINUS:   op = OP_Negative; break;
    default: break;
  }
  switch( pExpr->op ){
    case TK_COLUMN: {
      if( pParse->useAgg ){
        sqliteVdbeAddOp(v, OP_AggGet, 0, pExpr->iAgg, 0, 0);


      }else{
        sqliteVdbeAddOp(v, OP_Field, pExpr->iTable, pExpr->iColumn, 0, 0);
      }
      break;
    }
    case TK_INTEGER: {
      int i = atoi(pExpr->token.z);
      sqliteVdbeAddOp(v, OP_Integer, i, 0, 0, 0);
      break;

**   drh@hwaci.com
**   http://www.hwaci.com/drh/
**
*************************************************************************
** This file contains routines used for analyzing expressions and
** for generating VDBE code that evaluates expressions.
**
** $Id: expr.c,v 1.22 2001/04/04 11:48:58 drh Exp $
*/
#include "sqliteInt.h"

/*
** Walk an expression tree.  Return 1 if the expression is constant
** and 0 if it involves variables.
*/
................................................................................
      ExprList *pList = pExpr->pList;
      for(i=0; i<pList->nExpr; i++){
        sqliteExprResolveInSelect(pParse, pList->a[i].pExpr);
      }
    }
  }
}

/*
** Return TRUE if the given string is a row-id column name.
*/
static int sqliteIsRowid(const char *z){
  if( sqliteStrICmp(z, "_ROWID_")==0 ) return 1;
  if( sqliteStrICmp(z, "ROWID")==0 ) return 1;
  if( sqliteStrICmp(z, "OID")==0 ) return 1;
  return 0;
}

/*
** This routine walks an expression tree and resolves references to
** table columns.  Nodes of the form ID.ID or ID resolve into an
** index to the table in the table list and a column offset.  The opcode
** for such nodes is changed to TK_COLUMN.  The iTable value is changed
** to the index of the referenced table in pTabList plus the pParse->nTab
................................................................................
** the number of errors seen and leaves an error message on pParse->zErrMsg.
*/
int sqliteExprResolveIds(Parse *pParse, IdList *pTabList, Expr *pExpr){
  if( pExpr==0 ) return 0;
  switch( pExpr->op ){
    /* A lone identifier */
    case TK_ID: {
      int cnt = 0;      /* Number of matches */
      int i;            /* Loop counter */
      int isRowid = 0;  /* True if this is the ROWID column */
      char *z = sqliteStrNDup(pExpr->token.z, pExpr->token.n);
      for(i=0; i<pTabList->nId; i++){
        int j;
        Table *pTab = pTabList->a[i].pTab;
        if( pTab==0 ) continue;
        for(j=0; j<pTab->nCol; j++){
          if( sqliteStrICmp(pTab->aCol[j].zName, z)==0 ){
            cnt++;
            pExpr->iTable = i + pParse->nTab;
            pExpr->iColumn = j;
          }
        }
      }
      if( cnt==0 && sqliteIsRowid(z) ){
        pExpr->iColumn = -1;
        pExpr->iTable = pParse->nTab;
        cnt = 1 + (pTabList->nId>1);
      }
      sqliteFree(z);
      if( cnt==0 ){
        sqliteSetNString(&pParse->zErrMsg, "no such column: ", -1,  
          pExpr->token.z, pExpr->token.n, 0);
        pParse->nErr++;
        return 1;
................................................................................
      pExpr->op = TK_COLUMN;
      break; 
    }
  
    /* A table name and column name:  ID.ID */
    case TK_DOT: {
      int cnt = 0;             /* Number of matches */
      int cntTab = 0;          /* Number of matching tables */
      int i;                   /* Loop counter */
      Expr *pLeft, *pRight;    /* Left and right subbranches of the expr */
      char *zLeft, *zRight;    /* Text of an identifier */

      pLeft = pExpr->pLeft;
      pRight = pExpr->pRight;
      assert( pLeft && pLeft->op==TK_ID );
      assert( pRight && pRight->op==TK_ID );
      zLeft = sqliteStrNDup(pLeft->token.z, pLeft->token.n);
      zRight = sqliteStrNDup(pRight->token.z, pRight->token.n);
      pExpr->iTable = -1;
      for(i=0; i<pTabList->nId; i++){
        int j;
        char *zTab;
        Table *pTab = pTabList->a[i].pTab;
        if( pTab==0 ) continue;
        if( pTabList->a[i].zAlias ){
          zTab = pTabList->a[i].zAlias;
        }else{
          zTab = pTab->zName;
        }
        if( sqliteStrICmp(zTab, zLeft)!=0 ) continue;
        if( 0==(cntTab++) ) pExpr->iTable = i + pParse->nTab;
        for(j=0; j<pTab->nCol; j++){
          if( sqliteStrICmp(pTab->aCol[j].zName, zRight)==0 ){
            cnt++;
            pExpr->iTable = i + pParse->nTab;
            pExpr->iColumn = j;
          }
        }
      }
      if( cnt==0 && cntTab==1 && sqliteIsRowid(zRight) ){
        cnt = 1;
        pExpr->iColumn = -1;
      }
      sqliteFree(zLeft);
      sqliteFree(zRight);
      if( cnt==0 ){
        sqliteSetNString(&pParse->zErrMsg, "no such column: ", -1,  
          pLeft->token.z, pLeft->token.n, ".", 1, 
          pRight->token.z, pRight->token.n, 0);
................................................................................
    case TK_UMINUS:   op = OP_Negative; break;
    default: break;
  }
  switch( pExpr->op ){
    case TK_COLUMN: {
      if( pParse->useAgg ){
        sqliteVdbeAddOp(v, OP_AggGet, 0, pExpr->iAgg, 0, 0);
      }else if( pExpr->iColumn>=0 ){
        sqliteVdbeAddOp(v, OP_Field, pExpr->iTable, pExpr->iColumn, 0, 0);
      }else{
        sqliteVdbeAddOp(v, OP_Key, pExpr->iTable, 0, 0, 0);
      }
      break;
    }
    case TK_INTEGER: {
      int i = atoi(pExpr->token.z);
      sqliteVdbeAddOp(v, OP_Integer, i, 0, 0, 0);
      break;

**
*************************************************************************
** This file contains SQLite's grammar for SQL.  Process this file
** using the lemon parser generator to generate C code that runs
** the parser.  Lemon will also generate a header file containing
** numeric codes for all of the tokens.
**
** @(#) $Id: parse.y,v 1.26 2001/01/04 14:20:18 drh Exp $
*/
%token_prefix TK_
%token_type {Token}
%extra_argument {Parse *pParse}
%syntax_error {
  sqliteSetString(&pParse->zErrMsg,"syntax error",0);
  pParse->sErrToken = TOKEN;
................................................................................
}
%name sqliteParser
%include {
#include "sqliteInt.h"
#include "parse.h"
}


// Input is zero or more commands.
input ::= cmdlist.

// These are extra tokens used by the lexer but never seen by the
// parser.  We put them in a rule so that the parser generator will
// add them to the parse.h output file.
//
input ::= END_OF_FILE ILLEGAL SPACE UNCLOSED_STRING COMMENT FUNCTION
          UMINUS COLUMN AGG_FUNCTION.




// A list of commands is zero or more commands
//
cmdlist ::= ecmd.
cmdlist ::= cmdlist SEMI ecmd.
ecmd ::= explain cmd.  {sqliteExec(pParse);}
ecmd ::= cmd.          {sqliteExec(pParse);}
ecmd ::= .
explain ::= EXPLAIN.    {pParse->explain = 1;}













// The first form of a command is a CREATE TABLE statement.
//
cmd ::= create_table create_table_args.
create_table ::= CREATE(X) TABLE id(Y).    {sqliteStartTable(pParse,&X,&Y);}
create_table_args ::= LP columnlist conslist_opt RP(X).
                                           {sqliteEndTable(pParse,&X);}
columnlist ::= columnlist COMMA column.
columnlist ::= column.

// About the only information used for a column is the name of the
// column.  The type is always just "text".  But the code will accept
// an elaborate typename.  Perhaps someday we'll do something with it.
//
column ::= columnid type carglist. 
columnid ::= id(X).                {sqliteAddColumn(pParse,&X);}





%type id {Token}







id(A) ::= ID(X).     {A = X;}





id(A) ::= STRING(X). {A = X;}

type ::= typename.
type ::= typename LP signed RP.
type ::= typename LP signed COMMA signed RP.
typename ::= id.
typename ::= typename id.
signed ::= INTEGER.
signed ::= PLUS INTEGER.
signed ::= MINUS INTEGER.
carglist ::= carglist carg.
carglist ::= .
carg ::= CONSTRAINT id ccons.
carg ::= ccons.
carg ::= DEFAULT STRING(X).          {sqliteAddDefaultValue(pParse,&X,0);}
carg ::= DEFAULT ID(X).              {sqliteAddDefaultValue(pParse,&X,0);}
carg ::= DEFAULT INTEGER(X).         {sqliteAddDefaultValue(pParse,&X,0);}
carg ::= DEFAULT PLUS INTEGER(X).    {sqliteAddDefaultValue(pParse,&X,0);}
carg ::= DEFAULT MINUS INTEGER(X).   {sqliteAddDefaultValue(pParse,&X,1);}
carg ::= DEFAULT FLOAT(X).           {sqliteAddDefaultValue(pParse,&X,0);}
................................................................................
// key.
//
conslist_opt ::= .
conslist_opt ::= COMMA conslist.
conslist ::= conslist COMMA tcons.
conslist ::= conslist tcons.
conslist ::= tcons.
tcons ::= CONSTRAINT id.
tcons ::= PRIMARY KEY LP idxlist(X) RP. {sqliteCreateIndex(pParse,0,0,X,0,0);}
tcons ::= UNIQUE LP idlist RP.
tcons ::= CHECK expr.
idlist ::= idlist COMMA id.
idlist ::= id.

// The next command format is dropping tables.
//
cmd ::= DROP TABLE id(X).          {sqliteDropTable(pParse,&X);}

// The select statement
//
cmd ::= select(X).  {
  sqliteSelect(pParse, X, SRT_Callback, 0);
  sqliteSelectDelete(X);
}
................................................................................
%destructor selcollist {sqliteExprListDelete($$);}
%type sclp {ExprList*}
%destructor sclp {sqliteExprListDelete($$);}
sclp(A) ::= selcollist(X) COMMA.             {A = X;}
sclp(A) ::= .                                {A = 0;}
selcollist(A) ::= STAR.                      {A = 0;}
selcollist(A) ::= sclp(P) expr(X).           {A = sqliteExprListAppend(P,X,0);}
selcollist(A) ::= sclp(P) expr(X) as id(Y).  {A = sqliteExprListAppend(P,X,&Y);}
as ::= .
as ::= AS.


%type seltablist {IdList*}
%destructor seltablist {sqliteIdListDelete($$);}
%type stl_prefix {IdList*}
................................................................................
%destructor stl_prefix {sqliteIdListDelete($$);}
%type from {IdList*}
%destructor from {sqliteIdListDelete($$);}

from(A) ::= FROM seltablist(X).               {A = X;}
stl_prefix(A) ::= seltablist(X) COMMA.        {A = X;}
stl_prefix(A) ::= .                           {A = 0;}
seltablist(A) ::= stl_prefix(X) id(Y).        {A = sqliteIdListAppend(X,&Y);}
seltablist(A) ::= stl_prefix(X) id(Y) as id(Z).
   {A = sqliteIdListAppend(X,&Y);
    sqliteIdListAddAlias(A,&Z);}


%type orderby_opt {ExprList*}
%destructor orderby_opt {sqliteExprListDelete($$);}
%type sortlist {ExprList*}
%destructor sortlist {sqliteExprListDelete($$);}
%type sortitem {Expr*}
%destructor sortitem {sqliteExprDelete($$);}
................................................................................

%type having_opt {Expr*}
%destructor having_opt {sqliteExprDelete($$);}
having_opt(A) ::= .                {A = 0;}
having_opt(A) ::= HAVING expr(X).  {A = X;}


cmd ::= DELETE FROM id(X) where_opt(Y).
    {sqliteDeleteFrom(pParse, &X, Y);}

%type where_opt {Expr*}
%destructor where_opt {sqliteExprDelete($$);}

where_opt(A) ::= .                    {A = 0;}
where_opt(A) ::= WHERE expr(X).       {A = X;}

%type setlist {ExprList*}
%destructor setlist {sqliteExprListDelete($$);}

cmd ::= UPDATE id(X) SET setlist(Y) where_opt(Z).
    {sqliteUpdate(pParse,&X,Y,Z);}

setlist(A) ::= setlist(Z) COMMA id(X) EQ expr(Y).
    {A = sqliteExprListAppend(Z,Y,&X);}
setlist(A) ::= id(X) EQ expr(Y).   {A = sqliteExprListAppend(0,Y,&X);}

cmd ::= INSERT INTO id(X) inscollist_opt(F) VALUES LP itemlist(Y) RP.
               {sqliteInsert(pParse, &X, Y, 0, F);}
cmd ::= INSERT INTO id(X) inscollist_opt(F) select(S).
               {sqliteInsert(pParse, &X, 0, S, F);}


%type itemlist {ExprList*}
%destructor itemlist {sqliteExprListDelete($$);}
%type item {Expr*}
%destructor item {sqliteExprDelete($$);}
................................................................................
item(A) ::= NULL.            {A = sqliteExpr(TK_NULL, 0, 0, 0);}

%type inscollist_opt {IdList*}
%destructor inscollist_opt {sqliteIdListDelete($$);}
%type inscollist {IdList*}
%destructor inscollist {sqliteIdListDelete($$);}

inscollist_opt(A) ::= .                      {A = 0;}
inscollist_opt(A) ::= LP inscollist(X) RP.   {A = X;}
inscollist(A) ::= inscollist(X) COMMA id(Y). {A = sqliteIdListAppend(X,&Y);}
inscollist(A) ::= id(Y).                     {A = sqliteIdListAppend(0,&Y);}

%left OR.
%left AND.
%right NOT.
%left EQ NE ISNULL NOTNULL IS LIKE GLOB BETWEEN IN.
%left GT GE LT LE.
%left PLUS MINUS.
................................................................................
%left CONCAT.
%right UMINUS.

%type expr {Expr*}
%destructor expr {sqliteExprDelete($$);}

expr(A) ::= LP(B) expr(X) RP(E). {A = X; sqliteExprSpan(A,&B,&E);}
expr(A) ::= ID(X).               {A = sqliteExpr(TK_ID, 0, 0, &X);}
expr(A) ::= NULL(X).             {A = sqliteExpr(TK_NULL, 0, 0, &X);}
expr(A) ::= id(X) DOT id(Y). {
  Expr *temp1 = sqliteExpr(TK_ID, 0, 0, &X);
  Expr *temp2 = sqliteExpr(TK_ID, 0, 0, &Y);
  A = sqliteExpr(TK_DOT, temp1, temp2, 0);
}
expr(A) ::= INTEGER(X).      {A = sqliteExpr(TK_INTEGER, 0, 0, &X);}
expr(A) ::= FLOAT(X).        {A = sqliteExpr(TK_FLOAT, 0, 0, &X);}
expr(A) ::= STRING(X).       {A = sqliteExpr(TK_STRING, 0, 0, &X);}
................................................................................
exprlist(A) ::= exprlist(X) COMMA expritem(Y). 
   {A = sqliteExprListAppend(X,Y,0);}
exprlist(A) ::= expritem(X).            {A = sqliteExprListAppend(0,X,0);}
expritem(A) ::= expr(X).                {A = X;}
expritem(A) ::= .                       {A = 0;}


cmd ::= CREATE(S) uniqueflag INDEX id(X) ON id(Y) LP idxlist(Z) RP(E).
    {sqliteCreateIndex(pParse, &X, &Y, Z, &S, &E);}
uniqueflag ::= UNIQUE.
uniqueflag ::= .

%type idxlist {IdList*}
%destructor idxlist {sqliteIdListDelete($$);}
%type idxitem {Token}

idxlist(A) ::= idxlist(X) COMMA idxitem(Y).  
     {A = sqliteIdListAppend(X,&Y);}
idxlist(A) ::= idxitem(Y).
     {A = sqliteIdListAppend(0,&Y);}
idxitem(A) ::= id(X).           {A = X;}

cmd ::= DROP INDEX id(X).       {sqliteDropIndex(pParse, &X);}

cmd ::= COPY id(X) FROM id(Y) USING DELIMITERS STRING(Z).
    {sqliteCopy(pParse,&X,&Y,&Z);}
cmd ::= COPY id(X) FROM id(Y).
    {sqliteCopy(pParse,&X,&Y,0);}

cmd ::= VACUUM.                {sqliteVacuum(pParse,0);}
cmd ::= VACUUM id(X).          {sqliteVacuum(pParse,&X);}

**
*************************************************************************
** This file contains SQLite's grammar for SQL.  Process this file
** using the lemon parser generator to generate C code that runs
** the parser.  Lemon will also generate a header file containing
** numeric codes for all of the tokens.
**
** @(#) $Id: parse.y,v 1.27 2001/04/04 11:48:58 drh Exp $
*/
%token_prefix TK_
%token_type {Token}
%extra_argument {Parse *pParse}
%syntax_error {
  sqliteSetString(&pParse->zErrMsg,"syntax error",0);
  pParse->sErrToken = TOKEN;
................................................................................
}
%name sqliteParser
%include {
#include "sqliteInt.h"
#include "parse.h"
}





// These are extra tokens used by the lexer but never seen by the
// parser.  We put them in a rule so that the parser generator will
// add them to the parse.h output file.
//
%nonassoc END_OF_FILE ILLEGAL SPACE UNCLOSED_STRING COMMENT FUNCTION
          COLUMN AGG_FUNCTION.

// Input is zero or more commands.
input ::= cmdlist.

// A list of commands is zero or more commands
//
cmdlist ::= ecmd.
cmdlist ::= cmdlist SEMI ecmd.
ecmd ::= explain cmd.  {sqliteExec(pParse);}
ecmd ::= cmd.          {sqliteExec(pParse);}
ecmd ::= .
explain ::= EXPLAIN.    {pParse->explain = 1;}

// Begin and end transactions.  Transaction support is sparse.
// Some backends support only COMMIT and not ROLLBACK.  There can
// be only a single active transaction at a time.
//
cmd ::= BEGIN trans_opt.       {sqliteBeginTransaction(pParse);}
trans_opt ::= .
trans_opt ::= TRANSACTION.
trans_opt ::= TRANSACTION ids.
cmd ::= COMMIT trans_opt.      {sqliteCommitTransaction(pParse);}
cmd ::= END trans_opt.         {sqliteCommitTransaction(pParse);}
cmd ::= ROLLBACK trans_opt.    {sqliteRollbackTransaction(pParse);}

// The first form of a command is a CREATE TABLE statement.
//
cmd ::= create_table create_table_args.
create_table ::= CREATE(X) TABLE ids(Y).   {sqliteStartTable(pParse,&X,&Y);}
create_table_args ::= LP columnlist conslist_opt RP(X).
                                           {sqliteEndTable(pParse,&X);}
columnlist ::= columnlist COMMA column.
columnlist ::= column.

// About the only information used for a column is the name of the
// column.  The type is always just "text".  But the code will accept
// an elaborate typename.  Perhaps someday we'll do something with it.
//
column ::= columnid type carglist. 
columnid ::= ids(X).                {sqliteAddColumn(pParse,&X);}

// An IDENTIFIER can be a generic identifier, or one of several
// keywords.  Any non-standard keyword can also be an identifier.
// We also make DESC and identifier since it comes up so often.
//
%type id {Token}
id(A) ::= DESC(X).       {A = X;}
id(A) ::= ASC(X).        {A = X;}
id(A) ::= DELIMITERS(X). {A = X;}
id(A) ::= EXPLAIN(X).    {A = X;}
id(A) ::= VACUUM(X).     {A = X;}
id(A) ::= BEGIN(X).      {A = X;}
id(A) ::= END(X).        {A = X;}
id(A) ::= ID(X).         {A = X;}

// And "ids" is an identifer-or-string.
//
%type ids {Token}
ids(A) ::= id(X).        {A = X;}
ids(A) ::= STRING(X).    {A = X;}

type ::= typename.
type ::= typename LP signed RP.
type ::= typename LP signed COMMA signed RP.
typename ::= ids.
typename ::= typename ids.
signed ::= INTEGER.
signed ::= PLUS INTEGER.
signed ::= MINUS INTEGER.
carglist ::= carglist carg.
carglist ::= .
carg ::= CONSTRAINT ids ccons.
carg ::= ccons.
carg ::= DEFAULT STRING(X).          {sqliteAddDefaultValue(pParse,&X,0);}
carg ::= DEFAULT ID(X).              {sqliteAddDefaultValue(pParse,&X,0);}
carg ::= DEFAULT INTEGER(X).         {sqliteAddDefaultValue(pParse,&X,0);}
carg ::= DEFAULT PLUS INTEGER(X).    {sqliteAddDefaultValue(pParse,&X,0);}
carg ::= DEFAULT MINUS INTEGER(X).   {sqliteAddDefaultValue(pParse,&X,1);}
carg ::= DEFAULT FLOAT(X).           {sqliteAddDefaultValue(pParse,&X,0);}
................................................................................
// key.
//
conslist_opt ::= .
conslist_opt ::= COMMA conslist.
conslist ::= conslist COMMA tcons.
conslist ::= conslist tcons.
conslist ::= tcons.
tcons ::= CONSTRAINT ids.
tcons ::= PRIMARY KEY LP idxlist(X) RP. {sqliteCreateIndex(pParse,0,0,X,0,0);}
tcons ::= UNIQUE LP idlist RP.
tcons ::= CHECK expr.
idlist ::= idlist COMMA ids.
idlist ::= ids.

// The next command format is dropping tables.
//
cmd ::= DROP TABLE ids(X).          {sqliteDropTable(pParse,&X);}

// The select statement
//
cmd ::= select(X).  {
  sqliteSelect(pParse, X, SRT_Callback, 0);
  sqliteSelectDelete(X);
}
................................................................................
%destructor selcollist {sqliteExprListDelete($$);}
%type sclp {ExprList*}
%destructor sclp {sqliteExprListDelete($$);}
sclp(A) ::= selcollist(X) COMMA.             {A = X;}
sclp(A) ::= .                                {A = 0;}
selcollist(A) ::= STAR.                      {A = 0;}
selcollist(A) ::= sclp(P) expr(X).           {A = sqliteExprListAppend(P,X,0);}
selcollist(A) ::= sclp(P) expr(X) as ids(Y). {A = sqliteExprListAppend(P,X,&Y);}
as ::= .
as ::= AS.


%type seltablist {IdList*}
%destructor seltablist {sqliteIdListDelete($$);}
%type stl_prefix {IdList*}
................................................................................
%destructor stl_prefix {sqliteIdListDelete($$);}
%type from {IdList*}
%destructor from {sqliteIdListDelete($$);}

from(A) ::= FROM seltablist(X).               {A = X;}
stl_prefix(A) ::= seltablist(X) COMMA.        {A = X;}
stl_prefix(A) ::= .                           {A = 0;}
seltablist(A) ::= stl_prefix(X) ids(Y).       {A = sqliteIdListAppend(X,&Y);}
seltablist(A) ::= stl_prefix(X) ids(Y) as ids(Z). {
  A = sqliteIdListAppend(X,&Y);
  sqliteIdListAddAlias(A,&Z);
}

%type orderby_opt {ExprList*}
%destructor orderby_opt {sqliteExprListDelete($$);}
%type sortlist {ExprList*}
%destructor sortlist {sqliteExprListDelete($$);}
%type sortitem {Expr*}
%destructor sortitem {sqliteExprDelete($$);}
................................................................................

%type having_opt {Expr*}
%destructor having_opt {sqliteExprDelete($$);}
having_opt(A) ::= .                {A = 0;}
having_opt(A) ::= HAVING expr(X).  {A = X;}


cmd ::= DELETE FROM ids(X) where_opt(Y).
    {sqliteDeleteFrom(pParse, &X, Y);}

%type where_opt {Expr*}
%destructor where_opt {sqliteExprDelete($$);}

where_opt(A) ::= .                    {A = 0;}
where_opt(A) ::= WHERE expr(X).       {A = X;}

%type setlist {ExprList*}
%destructor setlist {sqliteExprListDelete($$);}

cmd ::= UPDATE ids(X) SET setlist(Y) where_opt(Z).
    {sqliteUpdate(pParse,&X,Y,Z);}

setlist(A) ::= setlist(Z) COMMA ids(X) EQ expr(Y).
    {A = sqliteExprListAppend(Z,Y,&X);}
setlist(A) ::= ids(X) EQ expr(Y).   {A = sqliteExprListAppend(0,Y,&X);}

cmd ::= INSERT INTO ids(X) inscollist_opt(F) VALUES LP itemlist(Y) RP.
               {sqliteInsert(pParse, &X, Y, 0, F);}
cmd ::= INSERT INTO ids(X) inscollist_opt(F) select(S).
               {sqliteInsert(pParse, &X, 0, S, F);}


%type itemlist {ExprList*}
%destructor itemlist {sqliteExprListDelete($$);}
%type item {Expr*}
%destructor item {sqliteExprDelete($$);}
................................................................................
item(A) ::= NULL.            {A = sqliteExpr(TK_NULL, 0, 0, 0);}

%type inscollist_opt {IdList*}
%destructor inscollist_opt {sqliteIdListDelete($$);}
%type inscollist {IdList*}
%destructor inscollist {sqliteIdListDelete($$);}

inscollist_opt(A) ::= .                       {A = 0;}
inscollist_opt(A) ::= LP inscollist(X) RP.    {A = X;}
inscollist(A) ::= inscollist(X) COMMA ids(Y). {A = sqliteIdListAppend(X,&Y);}
inscollist(A) ::= ids(Y).                     {A = sqliteIdListAppend(0,&Y);}

%left OR.
%left AND.
%right NOT.
%left EQ NE ISNULL NOTNULL IS LIKE GLOB BETWEEN IN.
%left GT GE LT LE.
%left PLUS MINUS.
................................................................................
%left CONCAT.
%right UMINUS.

%type expr {Expr*}
%destructor expr {sqliteExprDelete($$);}

expr(A) ::= LP(B) expr(X) RP(E). {A = X; sqliteExprSpan(A,&B,&E);}
expr(A) ::= NULL(X).             {A = sqliteExpr(TK_NULL, 0, 0, &X);}
expr(A) ::= id(X).               {A = sqliteExpr(TK_ID, 0, 0, &X);}
expr(A) ::= ids(X) DOT ids(Y). {
  Expr *temp1 = sqliteExpr(TK_ID, 0, 0, &X);
  Expr *temp2 = sqliteExpr(TK_ID, 0, 0, &Y);
  A = sqliteExpr(TK_DOT, temp1, temp2, 0);
}
expr(A) ::= INTEGER(X).      {A = sqliteExpr(TK_INTEGER, 0, 0, &X);}
expr(A) ::= FLOAT(X).        {A = sqliteExpr(TK_FLOAT, 0, 0, &X);}
expr(A) ::= STRING(X).       {A = sqliteExpr(TK_STRING, 0, 0, &X);}
................................................................................
exprlist(A) ::= exprlist(X) COMMA expritem(Y). 
   {A = sqliteExprListAppend(X,Y,0);}
exprlist(A) ::= expritem(X).            {A = sqliteExprListAppend(0,X,0);}
expritem(A) ::= expr(X).                {A = X;}
expritem(A) ::= .                       {A = 0;}


cmd ::= CREATE(S) uniqueflag INDEX ids(X) ON ids(Y) LP idxlist(Z) RP(E).
    {sqliteCreateIndex(pParse, &X, &Y, Z, &S, &E);}
uniqueflag ::= UNIQUE.
uniqueflag ::= .

%type idxlist {IdList*}
%destructor idxlist {sqliteIdListDelete($$);}
%type idxitem {Token}

idxlist(A) ::= idxlist(X) COMMA idxitem(Y).  
     {A = sqliteIdListAppend(X,&Y);}
idxlist(A) ::= idxitem(Y).
     {A = sqliteIdListAppend(0,&Y);}
idxitem(A) ::= ids(X).          {A = X;}

cmd ::= DROP INDEX ids(X).      {sqliteDropIndex(pParse, &X);}

cmd ::= COPY ids(X) FROM ids(Y) USING DELIMITERS STRING(Z).
    {sqliteCopy(pParse,&X,&Y,&Z);}
cmd ::= COPY ids(X) FROM ids(Y).
    {sqliteCopy(pParse,&X,&Y,0);}

cmd ::= VACUUM.                {sqliteVacuum(pParse,0);}
cmd ::= VACUUM ids(X).         {sqliteVacuum(pParse,&X);}

**   drh@hwaci.com
**   http://www.hwaci.com/drh/
**
*************************************************************************
** This file contains C code routines that are called by the parser
** to handle SELECT statements.
**
** $Id: select.c,v 1.29 2001/02/19 23:23:38 drh Exp $
*/
#include "sqliteInt.h"

/*
** Allocate a new Select structure and return a pointer to that
** structure.
*/
................................................................................
**
**     SRT_Mem         Store first result in memory cell iParm
**
**     SRT_Set         Store results as keys of a table with cursor iParm
**
**     SRT_Union       Store results as a key in a temporary table iParm
**
**     SRT_Except      Remove results form the temporary talbe iParm.


**
** This routine returns the number of errors.  If any errors are
** encountered, then an appropriate error message is left in
** pParse->zErrMsg.
**
** This routine does NOT free the Select structure passed in.  The
** calling function needs to do that.

**   drh@hwaci.com
**   http://www.hwaci.com/drh/
**
*************************************************************************
** This file contains C code routines that are called by the parser
** to handle SELECT statements.
**
** $Id: select.c,v 1.30 2001/04/04 11:48:58 drh Exp $
*/
#include "sqliteInt.h"

/*
** Allocate a new Select structure and return a pointer to that
** structure.
*/
................................................................................
**
**     SRT_Mem         Store first result in memory cell iParm
**
**     SRT_Set         Store results as keys of a table with cursor iParm
**
**     SRT_Union       Store results as a key in a temporary table iParm
**
**     SRT_Except      Remove results form the temporary table iParm.
**
**     SRT_Table       Store results in temporary table iParm
**
** This routine returns the number of errors.  If any errors are
** encountered, then an appropriate error message is left in
** pParse->zErrMsg.
**
** This routine does NOT free the Select structure passed in.  The
** calling function needs to do that.

** Author contact information:
**   drh@hwaci.com
**   http://www.hwaci.com/drh/
**
*************************************************************************
** Internal interface definitions for SQLite.
**
** @(#) $Id: sqliteInt.h,v 1.37 2001/03/20 22:05:00 drh Exp $
*/
#include "sqlite.h"
#include "dbbe.h"
#include "vdbe.h"
#include "parse.h"
#include <gdbm.h>
#include <stdio.h>
................................................................................

/*
** Possible values for the sqlite.flags.
*/
#define SQLITE_VdbeTrace    0x00000001  /* True to trace VDBE execution */
#define SQLITE_Initialized  0x00000002  /* True after initialization */
#define SQLITE_Interrupt    0x00000004  /* Cancel current operation */


/*
** Current file format version
*/
#define SQLITE_FileFormat 2

/*
................................................................................
int sqliteExprAnalyzeAggregates(Parse*, Expr*);
void sqliteParseInfoReset(Parse*);
Vdbe *sqliteGetVdbe(Parse*);
int sqliteRandomByte(void);
int sqliteRandomInteger(void);
void sqliteRandomName(char*,char*);
char *sqliteDbbeNameToFile(const char*,const char*,const char*);

** Author contact information:
**   drh@hwaci.com
**   http://www.hwaci.com/drh/
**
*************************************************************************
** Internal interface definitions for SQLite.
**
** @(#) $Id: sqliteInt.h,v 1.38 2001/04/04 11:48:58 drh Exp $
*/
#include "sqlite.h"
#include "dbbe.h"
#include "vdbe.h"
#include "parse.h"
#include <gdbm.h>
#include <stdio.h>
................................................................................

/*
** Possible values for the sqlite.flags.
*/
#define SQLITE_VdbeTrace    0x00000001  /* True to trace VDBE execution */
#define SQLITE_Initialized  0x00000002  /* True after initialization */
#define SQLITE_Interrupt    0x00000004  /* Cancel current operation */
#define SQLITE_InTrans      0x00000008  /* True if in a transaction */

/*
** Current file format version
*/
#define SQLITE_FileFormat 2

/*
................................................................................
int sqliteExprAnalyzeAggregates(Parse*, Expr*);
void sqliteParseInfoReset(Parse*);
Vdbe *sqliteGetVdbe(Parse*);
int sqliteRandomByte(void);
int sqliteRandomInteger(void);
void sqliteRandomName(char*,char*);
char *sqliteDbbeNameToFile(const char*,const char*,const char*);
void sqliteBeginTransaction(Parse*);
void sqliteCommitTransaction(Parse*);
void sqliteRollbackTransaction(Parse*);

*************************************************************************
** An tokenizer for SQL
**
** This file contains C code that splits an SQL input string up into
** individual tokens and sends those tokens one-by-one over to the
** parser for analysis.
**
** $Id: tokenize.c,v 1.17 2001/02/11 16:56:24 drh Exp $
*/
#include "sqliteInt.h"
#include <ctype.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

/*
** All the keywords of the SQL language are stored as in a hash
................................................................................
** These are the keywords
*/
static Keyword aKeywordTable[] = {
  { "ALL",               0, TK_ALL,              0 },
  { "AND",               0, TK_AND,              0 },
  { "AS",                0, TK_AS,               0 },
  { "ASC",               0, TK_ASC,              0 },

  { "BETWEEN",           0, TK_BETWEEN,          0 },
  { "BY",                0, TK_BY,               0 },
  { "CHECK",             0, TK_CHECK,            0 },

  { "CONSTRAINT",        0, TK_CONSTRAINT,       0 },
  { "COPY",              0, TK_COPY,             0 },
  { "CREATE",            0, TK_CREATE,           0 },
  { "DEFAULT",           0, TK_DEFAULT,          0 },
  { "DELETE",            0, TK_DELETE,           0 },
  { "DELIMITERS",        0, TK_DELIMITERS,       0 },
  { "DESC",              0, TK_DESC,             0 },
  { "DISTINCT",          0, TK_DISTINCT,         0 },
  { "DROP",              0, TK_DROP,             0 },

  { "EXCEPT",            0, TK_EXCEPT,           0 },
  { "EXPLAIN",           0, TK_EXPLAIN,          0 },
  { "FROM",              0, TK_FROM,             0 },
  { "GLOB",              0, TK_GLOB,             0 },
  { "GROUP",             0, TK_GROUP,            0 },
  { "HAVING",            0, TK_HAVING,           0 },
  { "IN",                0, TK_IN,               0 },
................................................................................
  { "NOT",               0, TK_NOT,              0 },
  { "NOTNULL",           0, TK_NOTNULL,          0 },
  { "NULL",              0, TK_NULL,             0 },
  { "ON",                0, TK_ON,               0 },
  { "OR",                0, TK_OR,               0 },
  { "ORDER",             0, TK_ORDER,            0 },
  { "PRIMARY",           0, TK_PRIMARY,          0 },

  { "SELECT",            0, TK_SELECT,           0 },
  { "SET",               0, TK_SET,              0 },
  { "TABLE",             0, TK_TABLE,            0 },

  { "UNION",             0, TK_UNION,            0 },
  { "UNIQUE",            0, TK_UNIQUE,           0 },
  { "UPDATE",            0, TK_UPDATE,           0 },
  { "USING",             0, TK_USING,            0 },
  { "VACUUM",            0, TK_VACUUM,           0 },
  { "VALUES",            0, TK_VALUES,           0 },
  { "WHERE",             0, TK_WHERE,            0 },

*************************************************************************
** An tokenizer for SQL
**
** This file contains C code that splits an SQL input string up into
** individual tokens and sends those tokens one-by-one over to the
** parser for analysis.
**
** $Id: tokenize.c,v 1.18 2001/04/04 11:48:58 drh Exp $
*/
#include "sqliteInt.h"
#include <ctype.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

/*
** All the keywords of the SQL language are stored as in a hash
................................................................................
** These are the keywords
*/
static Keyword aKeywordTable[] = {
  { "ALL",               0, TK_ALL,              0 },
  { "AND",               0, TK_AND,              0 },
  { "AS",                0, TK_AS,               0 },
  { "ASC",               0, TK_ASC,              0 },
  { "BEGIN",             0, TK_BEGIN,            0 },
  { "BETWEEN",           0, TK_BETWEEN,          0 },
  { "BY",                0, TK_BY,               0 },
  { "CHECK",             0, TK_CHECK,            0 },
  { "COMMIT",            0, TK_COMMIT,           0 },
  { "CONSTRAINT",        0, TK_CONSTRAINT,       0 },
  { "COPY",              0, TK_COPY,             0 },
  { "CREATE",            0, TK_CREATE,           0 },
  { "DEFAULT",           0, TK_DEFAULT,          0 },
  { "DELETE",            0, TK_DELETE,           0 },
  { "DELIMITERS",        0, TK_DELIMITERS,       0 },
  { "DESC",              0, TK_DESC,             0 },
  { "DISTINCT",          0, TK_DISTINCT,         0 },
  { "DROP",              0, TK_DROP,             0 },
  { "END",               0, TK_END,              0 },
  { "EXCEPT",            0, TK_EXCEPT,           0 },
  { "EXPLAIN",           0, TK_EXPLAIN,          0 },
  { "FROM",              0, TK_FROM,             0 },
  { "GLOB",              0, TK_GLOB,             0 },
  { "GROUP",             0, TK_GROUP,            0 },
  { "HAVING",            0, TK_HAVING,           0 },
  { "IN",                0, TK_IN,               0 },
................................................................................
  { "NOT",               0, TK_NOT,              0 },
  { "NOTNULL",           0, TK_NOTNULL,          0 },
  { "NULL",              0, TK_NULL,             0 },
  { "ON",                0, TK_ON,               0 },
  { "OR",                0, TK_OR,               0 },
  { "ORDER",             0, TK_ORDER,            0 },
  { "PRIMARY",           0, TK_PRIMARY,          0 },
  { "ROLLBACK",          0, TK_ROLLBACK,         0 },
  { "SELECT",            0, TK_SELECT,           0 },
  { "SET",               0, TK_SET,              0 },
  { "TABLE",             0, TK_TABLE,            0 },
  { "TRANSACTION",       0, TK_TRANSACTION,      0 },
  { "UNION",             0, TK_UNION,            0 },
  { "UNIQUE",            0, TK_UNIQUE,           0 },
  { "UPDATE",            0, TK_UPDATE,           0 },
  { "USING",             0, TK_USING,            0 },
  { "VACUUM",            0, TK_VACUUM,           0 },
  { "VALUES",            0, TK_VALUES,           0 },
  { "WHERE",             0, TK_WHERE,            0 },

** inplicit conversion from one type to the other occurs as necessary.
** 
** Most of the code in this file is taken up by the sqliteVdbeExec()
** function which does the work of interpreting a VDBE program.
** But other routines are also provided to help in building up
** a program instruction by instruction.
**
** $Id: vdbe.c,v 1.53 2001/03/20 22:05:00 drh Exp $
*/
#include "sqliteInt.h"
#include <unistd.h>
#include <ctype.h>

/*
** SQL is translated into a sequence of instructions to be
................................................................................
**
** If any of the numeric OP_ values for opcodes defined in sqliteVdbe.h
** change, be sure to change this array to match.  You can use the
** "opNames.awk" awk script which is part of the source tree to regenerate
** this array, then copy and paste it into this file, if you want.
*/
static char *zOpName[] = { 0,
  "OpenIdx",        "OpenTbl",        "Close",          "Fetch",
  "Fcnt",           "New",            "Put",            "Distinct",
  "Found",          "NotFound",       "Delete",         "Field",
  "KeyAsData",      "Key",            "FullKey",        "Rewind",
  "Next",           "Destroy",        "Reorganize",     "ResetIdx",
  "NextIdx",        "PutIdx",         "DeleteIdx",      "MemLoad",
  "MemStore",       "ListOpen",       "ListWrite",      "ListRewind",
  "ListRead",       "ListClose",      "SortOpen",       "SortPut",
  "SortMakeRec",    "SortMakeKey",    "Sort",           "SortNext",
  "SortKey",        "SortCallback",   "SortClose",      "FileOpen",
  "FileRead",       "FileField",      "FileClose",      "AggReset",
  "AggFocus",       "AggIncr",        "AggNext",        "AggSet",
  "AggGet",         "SetInsert",      "SetFound",       "SetNotFound",
  "SetClear",       "MakeRecord",     "MakeKey",        "Goto",
  "If",             "Halt",           "ColumnCount",    "ColumnName",
  "Callback",       "Integer",        "String",         "Null",
  "Pop",            "Dup",            "Pull",           "Add",
  "AddImm",         "Subtract",       "Multiply",       "Divide",
  "Min",            "Max",            "Like",           "Glob",
  "Eq",             "Ne",             "Lt",             "Le",
  "Gt",             "Ge",             "IsNull",         "NotNull",
  "Negative",       "And",            "Or",             "Not",
  "Concat",         "Noop",           "Strlen",         "Substr",
};

/*
** Given the name of an opcode, return its number.  Return 0 if
** there is no match.
**
** This routine is used for testing and debugging.

** inplicit conversion from one type to the other occurs as necessary.
** 
** Most of the code in this file is taken up by the sqliteVdbeExec()
** function which does the work of interpreting a VDBE program.
** But other routines are also provided to help in building up
** a program instruction by instruction.
**
** $Id: vdbe.c,v 1.54 2001/04/04 11:48:58 drh Exp $
*/
#include "sqliteInt.h"
#include <unistd.h>
#include <ctype.h>

/*
** SQL is translated into a sequence of instructions to be
................................................................................
**
** If any of the numeric OP_ values for opcodes defined in sqliteVdbe.h
** change, be sure to change this array to match.  You can use the
** "opNames.awk" awk script which is part of the source tree to regenerate
** this array, then copy and paste it into this file, if you want.
*/
static char *zOpName[] = { 0,
  "OpenIdx",           "OpenTbl",           "Close",             "Fetch",
  "Fcnt",              "New",               "Put",               "Distinct",
  "Found",             "NotFound",          "Delete",            "Field",
  "KeyAsData",         "Key",               "FullKey",           "Rewind",
  "Next",              "Destroy",           "Reorganize",        "ResetIdx",
  "NextIdx",           "PutIdx",            "DeleteIdx",         "MemLoad",
  "MemStore",          "ListOpen",          "ListWrite",         "ListRewind",
  "ListRead",          "ListClose",         "SortOpen",          "SortPut",
  "SortMakeRec",       "SortMakeKey",       "Sort",              "SortNext",
  "SortKey",           "SortCallback",      "SortClose",         "FileOpen",
  "FileRead",          "FileField",         "FileClose",         "AggReset",
  "AggFocus",          "AggIncr",           "AggNext",           "AggSet",
  "AggGet",            "SetInsert",         "SetFound",          "SetNotFound",
  "SetClear",          "MakeRecord",        "MakeKey",           "Goto",
  "If",                "Halt",              "ColumnCount",       "ColumnName",
  "Callback",          "Integer",           "String",            "Null",
  "Pop",               "Dup",               "Pull",              "Add",
  "AddImm",            "Subtract",          "Multiply",          "Divide",
  "Min",               "Max",               "Like",              "Glob",
  "Eq",                "Ne",                "Lt",                "Le",
  "Gt",                "Ge",                "IsNull",            "NotNull",
  "Negative",          "And",               "Or",                "Not",
  "Concat",            "Noop",              "Strlen",            "Substr",
};

/*
** Given the name of an opcode, return its number.  Return 0 if
** there is no match.
**
** This routine is used for testing and debugging.

*************************************************************************
** Header file for the Virtual DataBase Engine (VDBE)
**
** This header defines the interface to the virtual database engine
** or VDBE.  The VDBE implements an abstract machine that runs a
** simple program to access and modify the underlying database.
**
** $Id: vdbe.h,v 1.16 2001/02/19 23:23:39 drh Exp $
*/
#ifndef _SQLITE_VDBE_H_
#define _SQLITE_VDBE_H_
#include <stdio.h>

/*
** A single VDBE is an opaque structure named "Vdbe".  Only routines
................................................................................
#define OP_Not                88
#define OP_Concat             89
#define OP_Noop               90

#define OP_Strlen             91
#define OP_Substr             92

#define OP_MAX                92

/*
** Prototypes for the VDBE interface.  See comments on the implementation
** for a description of what each of these routines does.
*/
Vdbe *sqliteVdbeCreate(sqlite*);
int sqliteVdbeAddOp(Vdbe*,int,int,int,const char*,int);

*************************************************************************
** Header file for the Virtual DataBase Engine (VDBE)
**
** This header defines the interface to the virtual database engine
** or VDBE.  The VDBE implements an abstract machine that runs a
** simple program to access and modify the underlying database.
**
** $Id: vdbe.h,v 1.17 2001/04/04 11:48:58 drh Exp $
*/
#ifndef _SQLITE_VDBE_H_
#define _SQLITE_VDBE_H_
#include <stdio.h>

/*
** A single VDBE is an opaque structure named "Vdbe".  Only routines
................................................................................
#define OP_Not                88
#define OP_Concat             89
#define OP_Noop               90

#define OP_Strlen             91
#define OP_Substr             92

#define OP_MAX                93

/*
** Prototypes for the VDBE interface.  See comments on the implementation
** for a description of what each of these routines does.
*/
Vdbe *sqliteVdbeCreate(sqlite*);
int sqliteVdbeAddOp(Vdbe*,int,int,int,const char*,int);

**   http://www.hwaci.com/drh/
**
*************************************************************************
** This module contains C code that generates VDBE code used to process
** the WHERE clause of SQL statements.  Also found here are subroutines
** to generate VDBE code to evaluate expressions.
**
** $Id: where.c,v 1.12 2001/02/19 23:23:39 drh Exp $
*/
#include "sqliteInt.h"

/*
** The query generator uses an array of instances of this structure to
** help it analyze the subexpressions of the WHERE clause.  Each WHERE
** clause subexpression is separated from the others by an AND operator.
................................................................................
  int brk, cont;             /* Addresses used during code generation */
  int *aOrder;         /* Order in which pTabList entries are searched */
  int nExpr;           /* Number of subexpressions in the WHERE clause */
  int loopMask;        /* One bit set for each outer loop */
  int haveKey;         /* True if KEY is on the stack */
  int base;            /* First available index for OP_Open opcodes */
  Index *aIdx[32];     /* Index to use on each nested loop.  */

  ExprInfo aExpr[50];  /* The WHERE clause is divided into these expressions */

  /* Allocate space for aOrder[]. */
  aOrder = sqliteMalloc( sizeof(int) * pTabList->nId );

  /* Allocate and initialize the WhereInfo structure that will become the
  ** return value.
................................................................................
  for(i=0; i<pTabList->nId; i++){
    aOrder[i] = i;
  }

  /* Figure out what index to use (if any) for each nested loop.
  ** Make aIdx[i] point to the index to use for the i-th nested loop
  ** where i==0 is the outer loop and i==pTabList->nId-1 is the inner
  ** loop.

  **
  ** Actually, if there are more than 32 tables in the join, only the
  ** first 32 tables are candidates for indices.
  */
  loopMask = 0;
  for(i=0; i<pTabList->nId && i<ARRAYSIZE(aIdx); i++){

    int idx = aOrder[i];
    Table *pTab = pTabList->a[idx].pTab;
    Index *pIdx;
    Index *pBestIdx = 0;
























    /* Do a search for usable indices.  Leave pBestIdx pointing to
    ** the most specific usable index.
    **
    ** "Most specific" means that pBestIdx is the usable index that
    ** has the largest value for nColumn.  A usable index is one for
    ** which there are subexpressions to compute every column of the
    ** index.
    */
    for(pIdx=pTab->pIndex; pIdx; pIdx=pIdx->pNext){
      int j;
      int columnMask = 0;

      if( pIdx->nColumn>32 ) continue;
      for(j=0; j<nExpr; j++){
        if( aExpr[j].idxLeft==idx 
             && (aExpr[j].prereqRight & loopMask)==aExpr[j].prereqRight ){
          int iColumn = aExpr[j].p->pLeft->iColumn;
................................................................................
  /* Generate the code to do the search
  */
  pWInfo->iBreak = brk = sqliteVdbeMakeLabel(v);
  loopMask = 0;
  for(i=0; i<pTabList->nId; i++){
    int j, k;
    int idx = aOrder[i];



    Index *pIdx = i<ARRAYSIZE(aIdx) ? aIdx[i] : 0;






    cont = sqliteVdbeMakeLabel(v);































    if( pIdx==0 ){
      /* Case 1:  There was no usable index.  We must do a complete
      ** scan of the table.
      */

      sqliteVdbeAddOp(v, OP_Next, base+idx, brk, 0, cont);
      haveKey = 0;
    }else{
      /* Case 2:  We do have a usable index in pIdx.
      */

      for(j=0; j<pIdx->nColumn; j++){
        for(k=0; k<nExpr; k++){
          if( aExpr[k].p==0 ) continue;
          if( aExpr[k].idxLeft==idx 
             && (aExpr[k].prereqRight & loopMask)==aExpr[k].prereqRight 
             && aExpr[k].p->pLeft->iColumn==pIdx->aiColumn[j]
          ){

**   http://www.hwaci.com/drh/
**
*************************************************************************
** This module contains C code that generates VDBE code used to process
** the WHERE clause of SQL statements.  Also found here are subroutines
** to generate VDBE code to evaluate expressions.
**
** $Id: where.c,v 1.13 2001/04/04 11:48:58 drh Exp $
*/
#include "sqliteInt.h"

/*
** The query generator uses an array of instances of this structure to
** help it analyze the subexpressions of the WHERE clause.  Each WHERE
** clause subexpression is separated from the others by an AND operator.
................................................................................
  int brk, cont;             /* Addresses used during code generation */
  int *aOrder;         /* Order in which pTabList entries are searched */
  int nExpr;           /* Number of subexpressions in the WHERE clause */
  int loopMask;        /* One bit set for each outer loop */
  int haveKey;         /* True if KEY is on the stack */
  int base;            /* First available index for OP_Open opcodes */
  Index *aIdx[32];     /* Index to use on each nested loop.  */
  int aDirect[32];     /* If TRUE, then index this table using ROWID */
  ExprInfo aExpr[50];  /* The WHERE clause is divided into these expressions */

  /* Allocate space for aOrder[]. */
  aOrder = sqliteMalloc( sizeof(int) * pTabList->nId );

  /* Allocate and initialize the WhereInfo structure that will become the
  ** return value.
................................................................................
  for(i=0; i<pTabList->nId; i++){
    aOrder[i] = i;
  }

  /* Figure out what index to use (if any) for each nested loop.
  ** Make aIdx[i] point to the index to use for the i-th nested loop
  ** where i==0 is the outer loop and i==pTabList->nId-1 is the inner
  ** loop.  If the expression uses only the ROWID field, then set
  ** aDirect[i] to 1.
  **
  ** Actually, if there are more than 32 tables in the join, only the
  ** first 32 tables are candidates for indices.
  */
  loopMask = 0;
  for(i=0; i<pTabList->nId && i<ARRAYSIZE(aIdx); i++){
    int j;
    int idx = aOrder[i];
    Table *pTab = pTabList->a[idx].pTab;
    Index *pIdx;
    Index *pBestIdx = 0;

    /* Check to see if there is an expression that uses only the
    ** ROWID field of this table.  If so, set aDirect[i] to 1.
    ** If not, set aDirect[i] to 0.
    */
    aDirect[i] = 0;
    for(j=0; j<nExpr; j++){
      if( aExpr[j].idxLeft==idx && aExpr[j].p->pLeft->iColumn<0
            && (aExpr[j].prereqRight & loopMask)==aExpr[j].prereqRight ){
        aDirect[i] = 1;
        break;
      }
      if( aExpr[j].idxRight==idx && aExpr[j].p->pRight->iColumn<0
            && (aExpr[j].prereqLeft & loopMask)==aExpr[j].prereqLeft ){
        aDirect[i] = 1;
        break;
      }
    }
    if( aDirect[i] ){
      loopMask |= 1<<idx;
      aIdx[i] = 0;
      continue;
    }

    /* Do a search for usable indices.  Leave pBestIdx pointing to
    ** the most specific usable index.
    **
    ** "Most specific" means that pBestIdx is the usable index that
    ** has the largest value for nColumn.  A usable index is one for
    ** which there are subexpressions to compute every column of the
    ** index.
    */
    for(pIdx=pTab->pIndex; pIdx; pIdx=pIdx->pNext){

      int columnMask = 0;

      if( pIdx->nColumn>32 ) continue;
      for(j=0; j<nExpr; j++){
        if( aExpr[j].idxLeft==idx 
             && (aExpr[j].prereqRight & loopMask)==aExpr[j].prereqRight ){
          int iColumn = aExpr[j].p->pLeft->iColumn;
................................................................................
  /* Generate the code to do the search
  */
  pWInfo->iBreak = brk = sqliteVdbeMakeLabel(v);
  loopMask = 0;
  for(i=0; i<pTabList->nId; i++){
    int j, k;
    int idx = aOrder[i];
    int goDirect;
    Index *pIdx;

    if( i<ARRAYSIZE(aIdx) ){
      pIdx = aIdx[i];
      goDirect = aDirect[i];
    }else{
      pIdx = 0;
      goDirect = 0;
    }


    if( goDirect ){
      /* Case 1:  We can directly reference a single row using the ROWID field.
      */
      cont = brk;
      for(k=0; k<nExpr; k++){
        if( aExpr[k].p==0 ) continue;
        if( aExpr[k].idxLeft==idx 
           && (aExpr[k].prereqRight & loopMask)==aExpr[k].prereqRight 
           && aExpr[k].p->pLeft->iColumn<0
        ){
          sqliteExprCode(pParse, aExpr[k].p->pRight);
          aExpr[k].p = 0;
          break;
        }
        if( aExpr[k].idxRight==idx 
           && (aExpr[k].prereqLeft & loopMask)==aExpr[k].prereqLeft
           && aExpr[k].p->pRight->iColumn<0
        ){
          sqliteExprCode(pParse, aExpr[k].p->pLeft);
          aExpr[k].p = 0;
          break;
        }
      }
      sqliteVdbeAddOp(v, OP_AddImm, 0, 0, 0, 0);
      if( i==pTabList->nId-1 && pushKey ){
        haveKey = 1;
      }else{
        sqliteVdbeAddOp(v, OP_Fetch, base+idx, 0, 0, 0);
        haveKey = 0;
      }
    }else if( pIdx==0 ){
      /* Case 2:  There was no usable index.  We must do a complete
      ** scan of the table.
      */
      cont = sqliteVdbeMakeLabel(v);
      sqliteVdbeAddOp(v, OP_Next, base+idx, brk, 0, cont);
      haveKey = 0;
    }else{
      /* Case 3:  We do have a usable index in pIdx.
      */
      cont = sqliteVdbeMakeLabel(v);
      for(j=0; j<pIdx->nColumn; j++){
        for(k=0; k<nExpr; k++){
          if( aExpr[k].p==0 ) continue;
          if( aExpr[k].idxLeft==idx 
             && (aExpr[k].prereqRight & loopMask)==aExpr[k].prereqRight 
             && aExpr[k].p->pLeft->iColumn==pIdx->aiColumn[j]
          ){

#   drh@hwaci.com
#   http://www.hwaci.com/drh/
#
#***********************************************************************
# This file implements regression tests for SQLite library.  The
# focus of this file is testing expressions.
#
# $Id: expr.test,v 1.9 2000/09/14 01:21:11 drh Exp $

set testdir [file dirname $argv0]
source $testdir/tester.tcl

# Create a table to work with.
#
execsql {CREATE TABLE test1(i1 int, i2 int, r1 real, r2 real, t1 text, t2 text)}
................................................................................
test_expr expr-1.31 {i1=1, i2=2} {i1==1 OR i2=2} {1}
test_expr expr-1.32 {i1=1, i2=2} {i1=2 OR i2=1} {0}
test_expr expr-1.33 {i1=1, i2=2} {i1=1 OR i2=1} {1}
test_expr expr-1.34 {i1=1, i2=2} {i1=2 OR i2=2} {1}
test_expr expr-1.35 {i1=1, i2=2} {i1-i2=-1} {1}
test_expr expr-1.36 {i1=1, i2=0} {not i1} {0}
test_expr expr-1.37 {i1=1, i2=NULL} {not i2} {1}





test_expr expr-2.1 {r1=1.23, r2=2.34} {r1+r2} 3.57
test_expr expr-2.2 {r1=1.23, r2=2.34} {r1-r2} -1.11
test_expr expr-2.3 {r1=1.23, r2=2.34} {r1*r2} 2.8782
test_expr expr-2.4 {r1=1.23, r2=2.34} {r1/r2} 0.525641025641026
test_expr expr-2.5 {r1=1.23, r2=2.34} {r2/r1} 1.90243902439024
test_expr expr-2.6 {r1=1.23, r2=2.34} {r2<r1} 0

#   drh@hwaci.com
#   http://www.hwaci.com/drh/
#
#***********************************************************************
# This file implements regression tests for SQLite library.  The
# focus of this file is testing expressions.
#
# $Id: expr.test,v 1.10 2001/04/04 11:48:58 drh Exp $

set testdir [file dirname $argv0]
source $testdir/tester.tcl

# Create a table to work with.
#
execsql {CREATE TABLE test1(i1 int, i2 int, r1 real, r2 real, t1 text, t2 text)}
................................................................................
test_expr expr-1.31 {i1=1, i2=2} {i1==1 OR i2=2} {1}
test_expr expr-1.32 {i1=1, i2=2} {i1=2 OR i2=1} {0}
test_expr expr-1.33 {i1=1, i2=2} {i1=1 OR i2=1} {1}
test_expr expr-1.34 {i1=1, i2=2} {i1=2 OR i2=2} {1}
test_expr expr-1.35 {i1=1, i2=2} {i1-i2=-1} {1}
test_expr expr-1.36 {i1=1, i2=0} {not i1} {0}
test_expr expr-1.37 {i1=1, i2=NULL} {not i2} {1}
test_expr expr-1.38 {i1=1} {-i1} {-1}
test_expr expr-1.39 {i1=1} {+i1} {1}
test_expr expr-1.40 {i1=1, i2=2} {+(i2+i1)} {3}
test_expr expr-1.41 {i1=1, i2=2} {-(i2+i1)} {-3}

test_expr expr-2.1 {r1=1.23, r2=2.34} {r1+r2} 3.57
test_expr expr-2.2 {r1=1.23, r2=2.34} {r1-r2} -1.11
test_expr expr-2.3 {r1=1.23, r2=2.34} {r1*r2} 2.8782
test_expr expr-2.4 {r1=1.23, r2=2.34} {r1/r2} 0.525641025641026
test_expr expr-2.5 {r1=1.23, r2=2.34} {r2/r1} 1.90243902439024
test_expr expr-2.6 {r1=1.23, r2=2.34} {r2<r1} 0

#   drh@hwaci.com
#   http://www.hwaci.com/drh/
#
#***********************************************************************
# This file implements regression tests for SQLite library.  The
# focus of this file is testing the IN and BETWEEN operator.
#
# $Id: in.test,v 1.3 2000/06/21 13:59:13 drh Exp $

set testdir [file dirname $argv0]
source $testdir/tester.tcl

# Generate the test data we will need for the first squences of tests.
#
do_test in-1.0 {
................................................................................
} {2 4 8 16 32 64 128 256 1024 2048}
do_test in-4.2 {
  execsql {
    DELETE FROM t1 WHERE b IN (SELECT b FROM t1 WHERE a>8)
  }
  execsql {SELECT a FROM t1 ORDER BY a}
} {1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8}







# Do an IN with a constant RHS but where the RHS has many, many
# elements.  We need to test that collisions in the hash table
# are resolved properly.
#
do_test in-5.1 {
  execsql {

#   drh@hwaci.com
#   http://www.hwaci.com/drh/
#
#***********************************************************************
# This file implements regression tests for SQLite library.  The
# focus of this file is testing the IN and BETWEEN operator.
#
# $Id: in.test,v 1.4 2001/04/04 11:48:58 drh Exp $

set testdir [file dirname $argv0]
source $testdir/tester.tcl

# Generate the test data we will need for the first squences of tests.
#
do_test in-1.0 {
................................................................................
} {2 4 8 16 32 64 128 256 1024 2048}
do_test in-4.2 {
  execsql {
    DELETE FROM t1 WHERE b IN (SELECT b FROM t1 WHERE a>8)
  }
  execsql {SELECT a FROM t1 ORDER BY a}
} {1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8}
do_test in-4.3 {
  execsql {
    DELETE FROM t1 WHERE b NOT IN (SELECT b FROM t1 WHERE a>4)
  }
  execsql {SELECT a FROM t1 ORDER BY a}
} {5 6 7 8}

# Do an IN with a constant RHS but where the RHS has many, many
# elements.  We need to test that collisions in the hash table
# are resolved properly.
#
do_test in-5.1 {
  execsql {

#   drh@hwaci.com
#   http://www.hwaci.com/drh/
#
#***********************************************************************
# This file implements regression tests for SQLite library.  The
# focus of this file is testing the CREATE INDEX statement.
#
# $Id: index.test,v 1.8 2000/10/19 14:10:09 drh Exp $

set testdir [file dirname $argv0]
source $testdir/tester.tcl

# Create a basic index and verify it is added to sqlite_master
#
do_test index-1.1 {
................................................................................
} {}
do_test index-10.8 {
  execsql {
    SELECT b FROM t1 ORDER BY b;
  }
} {0}


















finish_test

#   drh@hwaci.com
#   http://www.hwaci.com/drh/
#
#***********************************************************************
# This file implements regression tests for SQLite library.  The
# focus of this file is testing the CREATE INDEX statement.
#
# $Id: index.test,v 1.9 2001/04/04 11:48:58 drh Exp $

set testdir [file dirname $argv0]
source $testdir/tester.tcl

# Create a basic index and verify it is added to sqlite_master
#
do_test index-1.1 {
................................................................................
} {}
do_test index-10.8 {
  execsql {
    SELECT b FROM t1 ORDER BY b;
  }
} {0}

# Automatically create an index when we specify a primary key.
#
do_test index-11.1 {
  execsql {
    CREATE TABLE t3(
      a text,
      b int,
      c float,
      PRIMARY KEY(b)
    );
  }
  for {set i 1} {$i<=50} {incr i} {
    execsql "INSERT INTO t3 VALUES('x${i}x',$i,0.$i)"
  }
  execsql {SELECT c, fcnt() FROM t3 WHERE b==10}
} {0.10 2}

finish_test

#   drh@hwaci.com
#   http://www.hwaci.com/drh/
#
#***********************************************************************
# This file implements regression tests for SQLite library.  The
# focus of this file is testing the INSERT statement.
#
# $Id: insert.test,v 1.4 2000/06/07 14:42:27 drh Exp $

set testdir [file dirname $argv0]
source $testdir/tester.tcl

# Try to insert into a non-existant table.
#
do_test insert-1.1 {
................................................................................
do_test insert-1.6c {
  execsql {INSERT INTO test1(three,one) VALUES(7,8)}
  execsql {SELECT * FROM test1 ORDER BY one}
} {{} 5 6 1 2 {} 8 {} 7}

# A table to use for testing default values
#

execsql {
  CREATE TABLE test2(
























    f1 int default 111, 
    f2 real default -4.32,
    f3 text default hi,
    f4 text default 'abc-123',
    f5 varchar(10)
  )
}

do_test insert-2.1 {
  execsql {SELECT * from test2}
} {}
do_test insert-2.2 {
  execsql {INSERT INTO test2(f2,f4) VALUES(-2.22,'hi!')}
  execsql {SELECT * FROM test2}
} {111 -2.22 hi hi! {}}
do_test insert-2.3 {
  execsql {INSERT INTO test2(f1,f5) VALUES(1,'xyzzy')}
  execsql {SELECT * FROM test2 ORDER BY f1}
} {1 -4.32 hi abc-123 xyzzy 111 -2.22 hi hi! {}}

# Do additional inserts with default values, but this time
# on a table that has indices.  In particular we want to verify
# that the correct default values are inserted into the indices.

#   drh@hwaci.com
#   http://www.hwaci.com/drh/
#
#***********************************************************************
# This file implements regression tests for SQLite library.  The
# focus of this file is testing the INSERT statement.
#
# $Id: insert.test,v 1.5 2001/04/04 11:48:58 drh Exp $

set testdir [file dirname $argv0]
source $testdir/tester.tcl

# Try to insert into a non-existant table.
#
do_test insert-1.1 {
................................................................................
do_test insert-1.6c {
  execsql {INSERT INTO test1(three,one) VALUES(7,8)}
  execsql {SELECT * FROM test1 ORDER BY one}
} {{} 5 6 1 2 {} 8 {} 7}

# A table to use for testing default values
#
do_test insert-2.1 {
  execsql {
    CREATE TABLE test2(
      f1 int default -111, 
      f2 real default +4.32,
      f3 int default +222,
      f4 int default 7.89
    )
  }
  execsql {SELECT * from test2}
} {}
do_test insert-2.2 {
  execsql {INSERT INTO test2(f1,f3) VALUES(+10,-10)}
  execsql {SELECT * FROM test2}
} {10 4.32 -10 7.89}
do_test insert-2.3 {
  execsql {INSERT INTO test2(f2,f4) VALUES(1.23,-3.45)}
  execsql {SELECT * FROM test2 WHERE f1==-111}
} {-111 1.23 222 -3.45}
do_test insert-2.4 {
  execsql {INSERT INTO test2(f1,f2,f4) VALUES(77,+1.23,3.45)}
  execsql {SELECT * FROM test2 WHERE f1==77}
} {77 1.23 222 3.45}
do_test insert-2.10 {
  execsql {
    DROP TABLE test2;
    CREATE TABLE test2(
      f1 int default 111, 
      f2 real default -4.32,
      f3 text default hi,
      f4 text default 'abc-123',
      f5 varchar(10)
    )
  }


  execsql {SELECT * from test2}
} {}
do_test insert-2.11 {
  execsql {INSERT INTO test2(f2,f4) VALUES(-2.22,'hi!')}
  execsql {SELECT * FROM test2}
} {111 -2.22 hi hi! {}}
do_test insert-2.12 {
  execsql {INSERT INTO test2(f1,f5) VALUES(1,'xyzzy')}
  execsql {SELECT * FROM test2 ORDER BY f1}
} {1 -4.32 hi abc-123 xyzzy 111 -2.22 hi hi! {}}

# Do additional inserts with default values, but this time
# on a table that has indices.  In particular we want to verify
# that the correct default values are inserted into the indices.

#   drh@hwaci.com
#   http://www.hwaci.com/drh/
#
#***********************************************************************
# This file implements regression tests for SQLite library.  The
# focus of this file is exercising the code in main.c.
#
# $Id: main.test,v 1.5 2001/03/20 12:55:14 drh Exp $

set testdir [file dirname $argv0]
source $testdir/tester.tcl

# Tests of the sqlite_complete() function.
#
do_test main-1.1 {
................................................................................
do_test main-1.12 {
  db complete {DROP TABLE xyz; -- hi }
} {1}
do_test main-1.13 {
  db complete {DROP TABLE xyz; -- hi
  }
} {1}







# Try to open a database with a corrupt master file.
#
do_test main-2.0 {
  catch {db close}
  foreach f [glob -nocomplain testdb/*] {file delete -force $f}
  file delete -force testdb

#   drh@hwaci.com
#   http://www.hwaci.com/drh/
#
#***********************************************************************
# This file implements regression tests for SQLite library.  The
# focus of this file is exercising the code in main.c.
#
# $Id: main.test,v 1.6 2001/04/04 11:48:58 drh Exp $

set testdir [file dirname $argv0]
source $testdir/tester.tcl

# Tests of the sqlite_complete() function.
#
do_test main-1.1 {
................................................................................
do_test main-1.12 {
  db complete {DROP TABLE xyz; -- hi }
} {1}
do_test main-1.13 {
  db complete {DROP TABLE xyz; -- hi
  }
} {1}
do_test main-1.14 {
  db complete {SELECT a-b FROM t1; }
} {1}
do_test main-1.15 {
  db complete {SELECT a-b FROM t1 }
} {0}

# Try to open a database with a corrupt master file.
#
do_test main-2.0 {
  catch {db close}
  foreach f [glob -nocomplain testdb/*] {file delete -force $f}
  file delete -force testdb

# Copyright (c) 1999, 2000 D. Richard Hipp
#
# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
# modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public
# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
# version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
#
# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
# General Public License for more details.
# 
# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public
# License along with this library; if not, write to the
# Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330,
# Boston, MA  02111-1307, USA.
#
# Author contact information:
#   drh@hwaci.com
#   http://www.hwaci.com/drh/
#
#***********************************************************************
# This file implements regression tests for SQLite library.  The
# focus of this file is testing the magic ROWID column that is
# found on all tables.
#
# $Id: rowid.test,v 1.1 2001/04/04 11:48:58 drh Exp $

set testdir [file dirname $argv0]
source $testdir/tester.tcl

# Basic ROWID functionality tests.
#
do_test rowid-1.1 {
  execsql {
    CREATE TABLE t1(x int, y int);
    INSERT INTO t1 VALUES(1,2);
    INSERT INTO t1 VALUES(3,4);
    SELECT x FROM t1 ORDER BY y;
  }
} {1 3}
do_test rowid-1.2 {
  set r [execsql {SELECT rowid FROM t1 ORDER BY x}]
  global x2rowid rowid2x
  set x2rowid(1) [lindex $r 0]
  set x2rowid(3) [lindex $r 1]
  set rowid2x($x2rowid(1)) 1
  set rowid2x($x2rowid(3)) 3
  llength $r
} {2}
do_test rowid-1.3 {
  global x2rowid
  set sql "SELECT x FROM t1 WHERE rowid==$x2rowid(1)"
  execsql $sql
} {1}
do_test rowid-1.4 {
  global x2rowid
  set sql "SELECT x FROM t1 WHERE rowid==$x2rowid(3)"
  execsql $sql
} {3}
do_test rowid-1.5 {
  global x2rowid
  set sql "SELECT x FROM t1 WHERE oid==$x2rowid(1)"
  execsql $sql
} {1}
do_test rowid-1.6 {
  global x2rowid
  set sql "SELECT x FROM t1 WHERE OID==$x2rowid(3)"
  execsql $sql
} {3}
do_test rowid-1.7 {
  global x2rowid
  set sql "SELECT x FROM t1 WHERE _rowid_==$x2rowid(1)"
  execsql $sql
} {1}
do_test rowid-1.8 {
  global x2rowid
  set v [execsql {SELECT x, oid FROM t1 order by x}]
  set v2 [list 1 $x2rowid(1) 3 $x2rowid(3)]
  expr {$v==$v2}
} {1}
do_test rowid-1.9 {
  global x2rowid
  set v [execsql {SELECT x, RowID FROM t1 order by x}]
  set v2 [list 1 $x2rowid(1) 3 $x2rowid(3)]
  expr {$v==$v2}
} {1}
do_test rowid-1.9 {
  global x2rowid
  set v [execsql {SELECT x, _rowid_ FROM t1 order by x}]
  set v2 [list 1 $x2rowid(1) 3 $x2rowid(3)]
  expr {$v==$v2}
} {1}

# We cannot update or insert the ROWID column
#
do_test rowid-2.1 {
  set v [catch {execsql {INSERT INTO t1(rowid,x,y) VALUES(1234,5,6)}} msg]
  lappend v $msg
} {1 {table t1 has no column named rowid}}
do_test rowid-2.2 {
  set v [catch {execsql {UPDATE t1 SET rowid=12345 WHERE x==1}}]
  lappend v $msg
} {1 {table t1 has no column named rowid}}
do_test rowid-2.3 {
  set v [catch {execsql {INSERT INTO t1(oid,x,y) VALUES(1234,5,6)}} msg]
  lappend v $msg
} {1 {table t1 has no column named oid}}
do_test rowid-2.4 {
  set v [catch {execsql {UPDATE t1 SET oid=12345 WHERE x==1}}]
  lappend v $msg
} {1 {table t1 has no column named oid}}
do_test rowid-2.5 {
  set v [catch {execsql {INSERT INTO t1(_rowid_,x,y) VALUES(1234,5,6)}} msg]
  lappend v $msg
} {1 {table t1 has no column named _rowid_}}
do_test rowid-2.6 {
  set v [catch {execsql {UPDATE t1 SET _rowid_=12345 WHERE x==1}}]
  lappend v $msg
} {1 {table t1 has no column named _rowid_}}

# But we can use ROWID in the WHERE clause of an UPDATE that does not
# change the ROWID.
#
do_test rowid-2.7 {
  global x2rowid
  set sql "UPDATE t1 SET x=2 WHERE OID==$x2rowid(3)"
  execsql $sql
  execsql {SELECT x FROM t1 ORDER BY x}
} {1 2}
do_test rowid-2.8 {
  global x2rowid
  set sql "UPDATE t1 SET x=3 WHERE _rowid_==$x2rowid(3)"
  execsql $sql
  execsql {SELECT x FROM t1 ORDER BY x}
} {1 3}

# We cannot index by ROWID
#
do_test rowid-2.9 {
  set v [catch {execsql {CREATE INDEX idxt1 ON t1(rowid)}} msg]
  lappend v $msg
} {1 {table t1 has no column named rowid}}
do_test rowid-2.10 {
  set v [catch {execsql {CREATE INDEX idxt1 ON t1(_rowid_)}} msg]
  lappend v $msg
} {1 {table t1 has no column named _rowid_}}
do_test rowid-2.11 {
  set v [catch {execsql {CREATE INDEX idxt1 ON t1(oid)}} msg]
  lappend v $msg
} {1 {table t1 has no column named oid}}
do_test rowid-2.12 {
  set v [catch {execsql {CREATE INDEX idxt1 ON t1(x, rowid)}} msg]
  lappend v $msg
} {1 {table t1 has no column named rowid}}

# Columns defined in the CREATE statement override the buildin ROWID
# column names.
#
do_test rowid-3.1 {
  execsql {
    CREATE TABLE t2(rowid int, x int, y int);
    INSERT INTO t2 VALUES(1,2,3);
    INSERT INTO t2 VALUES(4,5,6);
    INSERT INTO t2 VALUES(7,8,9);
    SELECT * FROM t2 ORDER BY x;
  }
} {1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9}
do_test rowid-3.2 {
  execsql {SELECT * FROM t2 ORDER BY rowid}
} {1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9}
do_test rowid-3.3 {
  execsql {SELECT rowid, x, y FROM t2 ORDER BY rowid}
} {1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9}
do_test rowid-3.4 {
  set r1 [execsql {SELECT _rowid_, rowid FROM t2 ORDER BY rowid}]
  foreach {a b c d e f} $r1 {}
  set r2 [execsql {SELECT _rowid_, rowid FROM t2 ORDER BY x DESC}]
  foreach {u v w x y z} $r2 {}
  expr {$u==$e && $w==$c && $y==$a}
} {1}
do_probtest rowid-3.5 {
  set r1 [execsql {SELECT _rowid_, rowid FROM t2 ORDER BY rowid}]
  foreach {a b c d e f} $r1 {}
  expr {$a!=$b && $c!=$d && $e!=$f}
} {1}

# Let's try some more complex examples, including some joins.
#
do_test rowid-4.1 {
  execsql {
    DELETE FROM t1;
    DELETE FROM t2;
  }
  for {set i 1} {$i<=50} {incr i} {
    execsql "INSERT INTO t1(x,y) VALUES($i,[expr {$i*$i}])"
  }
  execsql {INSERT INTO t2 SELECT _rowid_, x*y, y*y FROM t1}
  execsql {SELECT t2.y FROM t1, t2 WHERE t1.x==4 AND t1.rowid==t2.rowid}
} {256}
do_test rowid-4.2 {
  execsql {SELECT t2.y FROM t2, t1 WHERE t1.x==4 AND t1.rowid==t2.rowid}
} {256}
do_test rowid-4.2.1 {
  execsql {SELECT t2.y FROM t2, t1 WHERE t1.x==4 AND t1.oid==t2.rowid}
} {256}
do_test rowid-4.2.2 {
  execsql {SELECT t2.y FROM t2, t1 WHERE t1.x==4 AND t1._rowid_==t2.rowid}
} {256}
do_test rowid-4.2.3 {
  execsql {SELECT t2.y FROM t2, t1 WHERE t1.x==4 AND t2.rowid==t1.rowid}
} {256}
do_test rowid-4.2.4 {
  execsql {SELECT t2.y FROM t2, t1 WHERE t2.rowid==t1.oid AND t1.x==4}
} {256}
do_test rowid-4.2.5 {
  execsql {SELECT t2.y FROM t1, t2 WHERE t1.x==4 AND t1._rowid_==t2.rowid}
} {256}
do_test rowid-4.2.6 {
  execsql {SELECT t2.y FROM t1, t2 WHERE t1.x==4 AND t2.rowid==t1.rowid}
} {256}
do_test rowid-4.2.7 {
  execsql {SELECT t2.y FROM t1, t2 WHERE t2.rowid==t1.oid AND t1.x==4}
} {256}
do_test rowid-4.3 {
  execsql {CREATE INDEX idxt1 ON t1(x)}
  execsql {SELECT t2.y FROM t1, t2 WHERE t1.x==4 AND t1.rowid==t2.rowid}
} {256}
do_test rowid-4.3.1 {
  execsql {SELECT t2.y FROM t1, t2 WHERE t1.x==4 AND t1._rowid_==t2.rowid}
} {256}
do_test rowid-4.3.2 {
  execsql {SELECT t2.y FROM t1, t2 WHERE t2.rowid==t1.oid AND 4==t1.x}
} {256}
do_test rowid-4.4 {
  execsql {SELECT t2.y FROM t2, t1 WHERE t1.x==4 AND t1.rowid==t2.rowid}
} {256}
do_test rowid-4.4.1 {
  execsql {SELECT t2.y FROM t2, t1 WHERE t1.x==4 AND t1._rowid_==t2.rowid}
} {256}
do_test rowid-4.4.2 {
  execsql {SELECT t2.y FROM t2, t1 WHERE t2.rowid==t1.oid AND 4==t1.x}
} {256}
do_test rowid-4.5 {
  execsql {CREATE INDEX idxt2 ON t2(y)}
  execsql {
    SELECT t1.x, fcnt() FROM t2, t1 
    WHERE t2.y==256 AND t1.rowid==t2.rowid
  }
} {4 3}
do_test rowid-4.5.1 {
  execsql {
    SELECT t1.x, fcnt() FROM t2, t1 
    WHERE t1.OID==t2.rowid AND t2.y==81
  }
} {3 3}
do_test rowid-4.6 {
  execsql {
    SELECT t1.x FROM t1, t2
    WHERE t2.y==256 AND t1.rowid==t2.rowid
  }
} {4}

do_test rowid-5.1 {
  execsql {DELETE FROM t1 WHERE _rowid_ IN (SELECT oid FROM t1 WHERE x>8)}
  execsql {SELECT max(x) FROM t1}
} {8}

#   drh@hwaci.com
#   http://www.hwaci.com/drh/
#
#***********************************************************************
# This file implements regression tests for SQLite library.  The
# focus of this file is testing the SELECT statement.
#
# $Id: select1.test,v 1.7 2000/07/29 13:07:00 drh Exp $

set testdir [file dirname $argv0]
source $testdir/tester.tcl

# Try to select on a non-existant table.
#
do_test select1-1.1 {
................................................................................
  set v [catch {execsql2 {SELECT f1 as "xyzzy" FROM test1 ORDER BY f2}} msg]
  lappend v $msg
} {0 {xyzzy 11 xyzzy 33}}
do_test select1-6.4 {
  set v [catch {execsql2 {SELECT f1+F2 as xyzzy FROM test1 ORDER BY f2}} msg]
  lappend v $msg
} {0 {xyzzy 33 xyzzy 77}}




do_test select1-6.5 {
  set v [catch {execsql2 {SELECT test1.f1+F2 FROM test1 ORDER BY f2}} msg]
  lappend v $msg
} {0 {test1.f1+F2 33 test1.f1+F2 77}}
do_test select1-6.6 {
  set v [catch {execsql2 {SELECT test1.f1+F2, t1 FROM test1, test2 
         ORDER BY f2}} msg]
................................................................................
  lappend v $msg
} {1 {ambiguous column name: A.f1}}
do_test select1-6.9 {
  set v [catch {execsql2 {SELECT A.f1, B.f1 FROM test1 as A, test1 as B 
         ORDER BY A.f1, B.f1}} msg]
  lappend v $msg
} {0 {A.f1 11 B.f1 11 A.f1 11 B.f1 33 A.f1 33 B.f1 11 A.f1 33 B.f1 33}}















finish_test

#   drh@hwaci.com
#   http://www.hwaci.com/drh/
#
#***********************************************************************
# This file implements regression tests for SQLite library.  The
# focus of this file is testing the SELECT statement.
#
# $Id: select1.test,v 1.8 2001/04/04 11:48:58 drh Exp $

set testdir [file dirname $argv0]
source $testdir/tester.tcl

# Try to select on a non-existant table.
#
do_test select1-1.1 {
................................................................................
  set v [catch {execsql2 {SELECT f1 as "xyzzy" FROM test1 ORDER BY f2}} msg]
  lappend v $msg
} {0 {xyzzy 11 xyzzy 33}}
do_test select1-6.4 {
  set v [catch {execsql2 {SELECT f1+F2 as xyzzy FROM test1 ORDER BY f2}} msg]
  lappend v $msg
} {0 {xyzzy 33 xyzzy 77}}
do_test select1-6.4a {
  set v [catch {execsql2 {SELECT f1+F2 FROM test1 ORDER BY f2}} msg]
  lappend v $msg
} {0 {f1+F2 33 f1+F2 77}}
do_test select1-6.5 {
  set v [catch {execsql2 {SELECT test1.f1+F2 FROM test1 ORDER BY f2}} msg]
  lappend v $msg
} {0 {test1.f1+F2 33 test1.f1+F2 77}}
do_test select1-6.6 {
  set v [catch {execsql2 {SELECT test1.f1+F2, t1 FROM test1, test2 
         ORDER BY f2}} msg]
................................................................................
  lappend v $msg
} {1 {ambiguous column name: A.f1}}
do_test select1-6.9 {
  set v [catch {execsql2 {SELECT A.f1, B.f1 FROM test1 as A, test1 as B 
         ORDER BY A.f1, B.f1}} msg]
  lappend v $msg
} {0 {A.f1 11 B.f1 11 A.f1 11 B.f1 33 A.f1 33 B.f1 11 A.f1 33 B.f1 33}}
do_test select1-6.10 {
  set v [catch {execsql2 {
    SELECT f1 FROM test1 UNION SELECT f2 FROM test1
    ORDER BY f2;
  }} msg]
  lappend v $msg
} {0 {f2 11 f2 22 f2 33 f2 44}}
do_test select1-6.11 {
  set v [catch {execsql2 {
    SELECT f1 FROM test1 UNION SELECT f2+100 FROM test1
    ORDER BY f2+100;
  }} msg]
  lappend v $msg
} {0 {f2+100 11 f2+100 33 f2+100 122 f2+100 144}}

finish_test

#   drh@hwaci.com
#   http://www.hwaci.com/drh/
#
#***********************************************************************
# This file implements regression tests for SQLite library.  The
# focus of this file is testing the CREATE TABLE statement.
#
# $Id: sort.test,v 1.1 2000/06/07 00:12:25 drh Exp $

set testdir [file dirname $argv0]
source $testdir/tester.tcl

# Create a bunch of data to sort against
#
do_test sort-1.0 {
................................................................................
  file delete data.txt
  execsql {SELECT count(*) FROM t1}
} {8}

do_test sort-1.1 {
  execsql {SELECT n FROM t1 ORDER BY n}
} {1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8}






do_test sort-1.2 {
  execsql {SELECT n FROM t1 ORDER BY n DESC}
} {8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1}
do_test sort-1.3a {
  execsql {SELECT v FROM t1 ORDER BY v}
} {eight five four one seven six three two}
do_test sort-1.3b {
................................................................................
} {4221.0 123.0 3.141592653 2.15 0.123 -0.0013442 -1.6 -11}
do_test sort-1.7 {
  execsql {SELECT roman FROM t1 ORDER BY roman}
} {I II III IV V VI VII VIII}
do_test sort-1.8 {
  execsql {SELECT n FROM t1 ORDER BY log, flt}
} {1 2 3 5 4 6 7 8}









do_test sort-1.9 {
  execsql {SELECT n FROM t1 ORDER BY log, flt DESC}
} {1 3 2 7 6 4 5 8}



do_test sort-1.10 {
  execsql {SELECT n FROM t1 ORDER BY log DESC, flt}
} {8 5 4 6 7 2 3 1}
do_test sort-1.11 {
  execsql {SELECT n FROM t1 ORDER BY log DESC, flt DESC}
} {8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1}
























finish_test

#   drh@hwaci.com
#   http://www.hwaci.com/drh/
#
#***********************************************************************
# This file implements regression tests for SQLite library.  The
# focus of this file is testing the CREATE TABLE statement.
#
# $Id: sort.test,v 1.2 2001/04/04 11:48:58 drh Exp $

set testdir [file dirname $argv0]
source $testdir/tester.tcl

# Create a bunch of data to sort against
#
do_test sort-1.0 {
................................................................................
  file delete data.txt
  execsql {SELECT count(*) FROM t1}
} {8}

do_test sort-1.1 {
  execsql {SELECT n FROM t1 ORDER BY n}
} {1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8}
do_test sort-1.1.1 {
  execsql {SELECT n FROM t1 ORDER BY n ASC}
} {1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8}
do_test sort-1.1.1 {
  execsql {SELECT ALL n FROM t1 ORDER BY n ASC}
} {1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8}
do_test sort-1.2 {
  execsql {SELECT n FROM t1 ORDER BY n DESC}
} {8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1}
do_test sort-1.3a {
  execsql {SELECT v FROM t1 ORDER BY v}
} {eight five four one seven six three two}
do_test sort-1.3b {
................................................................................
} {4221.0 123.0 3.141592653 2.15 0.123 -0.0013442 -1.6 -11}
do_test sort-1.7 {
  execsql {SELECT roman FROM t1 ORDER BY roman}
} {I II III IV V VI VII VIII}
do_test sort-1.8 {
  execsql {SELECT n FROM t1 ORDER BY log, flt}
} {1 2 3 5 4 6 7 8}
do_test sort-1.8.1 {
  execsql {SELECT n FROM t1 ORDER BY log asc, flt}
} {1 2 3 5 4 6 7 8}
do_test sort-1.8.2 {
  execsql {SELECT n FROM t1 ORDER BY log, flt ASC}
} {1 2 3 5 4 6 7 8}
do_test sort-1.8.3 {
  execsql {SELECT n FROM t1 ORDER BY log ASC, flt asc}
} {1 2 3 5 4 6 7 8}
do_test sort-1.9 {
  execsql {SELECT n FROM t1 ORDER BY log, flt DESC}
} {1 3 2 7 6 4 5 8}
do_test sort-1.9.1 {
  execsql {SELECT n FROM t1 ORDER BY log ASC, flt DESC}
} {1 3 2 7 6 4 5 8}
do_test sort-1.10 {
  execsql {SELECT n FROM t1 ORDER BY log DESC, flt}
} {8 5 4 6 7 2 3 1}
do_test sort-1.11 {
  execsql {SELECT n FROM t1 ORDER BY log DESC, flt DESC}
} {8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1}

# These tests are designed to reach some hard-to-reach places
# inside the string comparison routines.
#
do_test sort-2.1 {
  execsql {
    UPDATE t1 SET v='x' || -flt;
    UPDATE t1 SET v='x-2b' where v=='x-0.123';
    SELECT v FROM t1 ORDER BY v;
  }
} {x-2b x-2.15 x-3.141592653 x-123 x-4221 x0.0013442 x1.6 x11}
do_test sort-2.2 {
  execsql {
    UPDATE t1 SET v='x-2_' where v=='x0.0013442';
    SELECT v FROM t1 ORDER BY v;
  }
} {x-2_ x-2b x-2.15 x-3.141592653 x-123 x-4221 x1.6 x11}
do_test sort-2.3 {
  execsql {
    UPDATE t1 SET v='x ' || (-1.3+0.01*n);
    SELECT v FROM t1 ORDER BY v;
  }
} {{x -1.29} {x -1.28} {x -1.27} {x -1.26} {x -1.25} {x -1.24} {x -1.23} {x -1.22}}

finish_test

#   drh@hwaci.com
#   http://www.hwaci.com/drh/
#
#***********************************************************************
# This file implements regression tests for SQLite library.  The
# focus of this file is testing the CREATE TABLE statement.
#
# $Id: table.test,v 1.7 2000/10/19 14:10:09 drh Exp $

set testdir [file dirname $argv0]
source $testdir/tester.tcl

# Create a basic table and verify it is added to sqlite_master
#
do_test table-1.1 {
................................................................................
skipif memory:
do_test table-4.1b {
  db close
  sqlite db testdb
  execsql {SELECT name FROM sqlite_master WHERE type!='meta' ORDER BY name}
} $r

# Drop the even number tables
#
set r {}
for {set i 1} {$i<=100} {incr i 2} {
  lappend r test$i
}
do_test table-4.2 {
  for {set i 2} {$i<=100} {incr i 2} {
................................................................................
#
testif gdbm:
do_test table-6.1 {
  execsql {CREATE TABLE 'Spaces In This Name!'(x int)}
  execsql {INSERT INTO 'spaces in this name!' VALUES(1)}
  set list [glob -nocomplain testdb/spaces*.tbl]
} {testdb/spaces+in+this+name+.tbl}



























finish_test

#   drh@hwaci.com
#   http://www.hwaci.com/drh/
#
#***********************************************************************
# This file implements regression tests for SQLite library.  The
# focus of this file is testing the CREATE TABLE statement.
#
# $Id: table.test,v 1.8 2001/04/04 11:48:58 drh Exp $

set testdir [file dirname $argv0]
source $testdir/tester.tcl

# Create a basic table and verify it is added to sqlite_master
#
do_test table-1.1 {
................................................................................
skipif memory:
do_test table-4.1b {
  db close
  sqlite db testdb
  execsql {SELECT name FROM sqlite_master WHERE type!='meta' ORDER BY name}
} $r

# Drop the even numbered tables
#
set r {}
for {set i 1} {$i<=100} {incr i 2} {
  lappend r test$i
}
do_test table-4.2 {
  for {set i 2} {$i<=100} {incr i 2} {
................................................................................
#
testif gdbm:
do_test table-6.1 {
  execsql {CREATE TABLE 'Spaces In This Name!'(x int)}
  execsql {INSERT INTO 'spaces in this name!' VALUES(1)}
  set list [glob -nocomplain testdb/spaces*.tbl]
} {testdb/spaces+in+this+name+.tbl}

# Try using keywords as table names or column names.
# 
do_test table-7.1 {
  set v [catch {execsql {
    CREATE TABLE weird(
      desc text,
      asc text,
      explain int,
      vacuum boolean,
      delimiters varchar(10)
    )
  }} msg]
  lappend v $msg
} {0 {}}
do_test table-7.2 {
  execsql {
    INSERT INTO weird VALUES('a','b',9,0,'xyz');
    SELECT * FROM weird;
  }
} {a b 9 0 xyz}
do_test table-7.3 {
  execsql2 {
    SELECT * FROM weird;
  }
} {desc a asc b explain 9 vacuum 0 delimiters xyz}

finish_test

#   drh@hwaci.com
#   http://www.hwaci.com/drh/
#
#***********************************************************************
# This file implements some common TCL routines used for regression
# testing the SQLite library
#
# $Id: tester.tcl,v 1.12 2001/03/20 12:55:14 drh Exp $

# Create a test database
#
if {![info exists dbprefix]} {
  if {[info exists env(SQLITE_PREFIX)]} {
    set dbprefix $env(SQLITE_PREFIX):
  } else {
................................................................................
    puts "not necessarily indicate a malfunction."
  }
  exit [expr {$nErr>0}]
}

# A procedure to execute SQL
#
proc execsql {sql} {
  # puts "SQL = $sql"
  return [db eval $sql]
}

# Another procedure to execute SQL.  This one includes the field
# names in the returned list.
#
proc execsql2 {sql} {
  set result {}

#   drh@hwaci.com
#   http://www.hwaci.com/drh/
#
#***********************************************************************
# This file implements some common TCL routines used for regression
# testing the SQLite library
#
# $Id: tester.tcl,v 1.13 2001/04/04 11:48:58 drh Exp $

# Create a test database
#
if {![info exists dbprefix]} {
  if {[info exists env(SQLITE_PREFIX)]} {
    set dbprefix $env(SQLITE_PREFIX):
  } else {
................................................................................
    puts "not necessarily indicate a malfunction."
  }
  exit [expr {$nErr>0}]
}

# A procedure to execute SQL
#
proc execsql {sql {db db}} {
  # puts "SQL = $sql"
  return [$db eval $sql]
}

# Another procedure to execute SQL.  This one includes the field
# names in the returned list.
#
proc execsql2 {sql} {
  set result {}

# Copyright (c) 1999, 2000 D. Richard Hipp
#
# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
# modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public
# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
# version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
#
# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
# General Public License for more details.
# 
# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public
# License along with this library; if not, write to the
# Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330,
# Boston, MA  02111-1307, USA.
#
# Author contact information:
#   drh@hwaci.com
#   http://www.hwaci.com/drh/
#
#***********************************************************************
# This file implements regression tests for SQLite library.  The
# focus of this script is database locks.
#
# $Id: trans.test,v 1.1 2001/04/04 11:48:58 drh Exp $


set testdir [file dirname $argv0]
source $testdir/tester.tcl

if {$dbprefix=="gdbm:" && $::tcl_platform(platform)!="windows"} {

# Create several tables to work with.
#
do_test trans-1.0 {
  execsql {
    CREATE TABLE one(a int PRIMARY KEY, b text);
    INSERT INTO one VALUES(1,'one');
    INSERT INTO one VALUES(2,'two');
    INSERT INTO one VALUES(3,'three');
    SELECT b FROM one ORDER BY a;
  }
} {one two three}
do_test trans-1.1 {
  execsql {
    CREATE TABLE two(a int PRIMARY KEY, b text);
    INSERT INTO two VALUES(1,'I');
    INSERT INTO two VALUES(5,'V');
    INSERT INTO two VALUES(10,'X');
    SELECT b FROM two ORDER BY a;
  }
} {I V X}
do_test trans-1.9 {
  sqlite altdb ${dbprefix}testdb
  execsql {SELECT b FROM one ORDER BY a} altdb
} {one two three}
do_test trans-1.10 {
  execsql {SELECT b FROM two ORDER BY a} altdb
} {I V X}

# Basic transactions
#
do_test trans-2.1 {
  set v [catch {execsql {BEGIN}} msg]
  lappend v $msg
} {0 {}}
do_test trans-2.2 {
  set v [catch {execsql {END}} msg]
  lappend v $msg
} {0 {}}
do_test trans-2.3 {
  set v [catch {execsql {BEGIN TRANSACTION}} msg]
  lappend v $msg
} {0 {}}
do_test trans-2.4 {
  set v [catch {execsql {COMMIT TRANSACTION}} msg]
  lappend v $msg
} {0 {}}
do_test trans-2.5 {
  set v [catch {execsql {BEGIN TRANSACTION 'foo'}} msg]
  lappend v $msg
} {0 {}}
do_test trans-2.6 {
  set v [catch {execsql {ROLLBACK TRANSACTION 'foo'}} msg]
  lappend v $msg
} {0 {}}
do_test trans-2.10 {
  execsql {
    BEGIN;
    SELECT a FROM one ORDER BY a;
    SELECT a FROM two ORDER BY a;
    END;
  }
} {1 2 3 1 5 10}

# Check the locking behavior
#
do_test trans-3.1 {
  execsql {
    BEGIN;
    SELECT a FROM one ORDER BY a;
  }
} {1 2 3}
do_test trans-3.2 {
  set v [catch {execsql {
    SELECT a FROM two ORDER BY a;
  } altdb} msg]
  lappend v $msg
} {0 {1 5 10}}
do_test trans-3.3 {
  set v [catch {execsql {
    SELECT a FROM one ORDER BY a;
  } altdb} msg]
  lappend v $msg
} {1 {table one is locked}}
do_test trans-3.4 {
  set v [catch {execsql {
    INSERT INTO one VALUES(4,'four');
  }} msg]
  lappend v $msg
} {0 {}}
do_test trans-3.2 {
  set v [catch {execsql {
    SELECT a FROM two ORDER BY a;
  } altdb} msg]
  lappend v $msg
} {0 {1 5 10}}
do_test trans-3.3 {
  set v [catch {execsql {
    SELECT a FROM one ORDER BY a;
  } altdb} msg]
  lappend v $msg
} {1 {table one is locked}}
do_test trans-3.5 {
  set v [catch {execsql {
    INSERT INTO two VALUES(4,'IV');
  }} msg]
  lappend v $msg
} {0 {}}
do_test trans-3.6 {
  set v [catch {execsql {
    SELECT a FROM two ORDER BY a;
  } altdb} msg]
  lappend v $msg
} {1 {table two is locked}}
do_test trans-3.7 {
  set v [catch {execsql {
    SELECT a FROM one ORDER BY a;
  } altdb} msg]
  lappend v $msg
} {1 {table one is locked}}
do_test trans-3.10 {
  execsql {END TRANSACTION}
} {}
do_test trans-3.11 {
  set v [catch {execsql {
    SELECT a FROM two ORDER BY a;
  } altdb} msg]
  lappend v $msg
} {0 {1 4 5 10}}
do_test trans-3.12 {
  set v [catch {execsql {
    SELECT a FROM one ORDER BY a;
  } altdb} msg]
  lappend v $msg
} {0 {1 2 3 4}}
do_test trans-3.13 {
  set v [catch {execsql {
    SELECT a FROM two ORDER BY a;
  } db} msg]
  lappend v $msg
} {0 {1 4 5 10}}
do_test trans-3.14 {
  set v [catch {execsql {
    SELECT a FROM one ORDER BY a;
  } db} msg]
  lappend v $msg
} {0 {1 2 3 4}}

do_test trans-99.1 {
  altdb close
  execsql {
    DROP TABLE one;
    DROP TABLE two;
  }
} {}

finish_test

} ;# end if(gdbm and not windows)

}
/^#define OP_MAX/ {
  next
}
/^#define OP_/ {
  name = "\"" substr($2,4) "\","
  if( n<3 ){
    printf "  %-16s", name
    n++
  } else {
    printf "  %s\n", name
    n = 0
  }
}
END {
  if( n ){ printf "\n" }
  printf "};\n"
}

}
/^#define OP_MAX/ {
  next
}
/^#define OP_/ {
  name = "\"" substr($2,4) "\","
  if( n<3 ){
    printf "  %-19s", name
    n++
  } else {
    printf "  %s\n", name
    n = 0
  }
}
END {
  if( n ){ printf "\n" }
  printf "};\n"
}

proc chng {date desc} {
  puts "<DT><B>$date</B></DT>"
  puts "<DD><P><UL>$desc</UL></P></DD>"
}

chng {2001 Apr 3 (1.0.28)} {







<li>Changes to the "lemon" parser generator to help it work better when
    compiled using MSVC.</li>
<li>Bug fixes in the TCL interface identified by Oleg Oleinick.</li>
}

chng {2001 Mar 20 (1.0.27)} {
<li>When doing DELETE and UPDATE, the library used to write the record

proc chng {date desc} {
  puts "<DT><B>$date</B></DT>"
  puts "<DD><P><UL>$desc</UL></P></DD>"
}

chng {2001 Apr 4 (1.0.28)} {
<li>Added limited support for transactions.  At this point, transactions
    will do table locking on the GDBM backend.  There is no support (yet)
    for rollback or atomic commit.</li>
<li>Added special column names ROWID, OID, and _ROWID_ that refer to the
    unique random integer key associated with every row of every table.</li>
<li>Additional tests added to the regression suite to cover the new ROWID
    feature and the TCL interface bugs mentioned below.</li>
<li>Changes to the "lemon" parser generator to help it work better when
    compiled using MSVC.</li>
<li>Bug fixes in the TCL interface identified by Oleg Oleinick.</li>
}

chng {2001 Mar 20 (1.0.27)} {
<li>When doing DELETE and UPDATE, the library used to write the record

#
# Run this Tcl script to generate the sqlite.html file.
#
set rcsid {$Id: lang.tcl,v 1.6 2001/02/20 13:06:31 drh Exp $}

puts {<html>
<head>
  <title>Query Language Understood By SQLite</title>
</head>
<body bgcolor=white>
<h1 align=center>
................................................................................
  {INSERT insert}
  {DELETE delete}
  {UPDATE update}
  {SELECT select}
  {COPY copy}
  {EXPLAIN explain}
  {expression expr}

}] {
  puts "<li><a href=\"#[lindex $section 1]\">[lindex $section 0]</a></li>"
}
puts {</ul></p>

<p>Details on the implementation of each command are provided in
the sequel.</p>
................................................................................
  }
  puts "<h1>$name</h1>\n"
}

proc Example {text} {
  puts "<blockquote><pre>$text</pre></blockquote>"
}




















































Section COPY copy

Syntax {sql-statement} {
COPY <table-name> FROM <filename>
}

................................................................................
side against lower case characters on the other.</p>"
puts {

<p>The GLOB operator is similar to LIKE but uses the Unix
file globbing syntax for its wildcards.  Also, GLOB is case
sensitive, unlike LIKE.  Both GLOB and LIKE may be preceded by
the NOT keyword to invert the sense of the test.</p>














<p>SELECT statements can appear in expressions as either the
right-hand operand of the IN operator or as a scalar quantity.
In both cases, the SELECT should have only a single column in its
result.  Compound SELECTs (connected with keywords like UNION or
EXCEPT) are allowed.  Any ORDER BY clause on the select is ignored.
A SELECT in an expression is evaluated once before any other processing

#
# Run this Tcl script to generate the sqlite.html file.
#
set rcsid {$Id: lang.tcl,v 1.7 2001/04/04 11:48:58 drh Exp $}

puts {<html>
<head>
  <title>Query Language Understood By SQLite</title>
</head>
<body bgcolor=white>
<h1 align=center>
................................................................................
  {INSERT insert}
  {DELETE delete}
  {UPDATE update}
  {SELECT select}
  {COPY copy}
  {EXPLAIN explain}
  {expression expr}
  {{BEGIN TRANSACTION} transaction}
}] {
  puts "<li><a href=\"#[lindex $section 1]\">[lindex $section 0]</a></li>"
}
puts {</ul></p>

<p>Details on the implementation of each command are provided in
the sequel.</p>
................................................................................
  }
  puts "<h1>$name</h1>\n"
}

proc Example {text} {
  puts "<blockquote><pre>$text</pre></blockquote>"
}

Section {BEGIN TRANSACTION} createindex

Syntax {sql-statement} {
BEGIN [TRANSACTION [<name>]]
}
Syntax {sql-statement} {
END [TRANSACTION [<name>]]
}
Syntax {sql-statement} {
COMMIT [TRANSACTION [<name>]]
}
Syntax {sql-statement} {
ROLLBACK [TRANSACTION [<name>]]
}

puts {
<p>Support for transactions in SQLite is thin.  Transactions
may not be nested.  The GDBM backend does not support an atomic
commit or rollback, but it does support locking.  (Note, however,
that the compilation instructions on this website for using GDBM under 
Windows will disable locking.)  The MEM backend has no transaction
support and silently ignores all requests to begin or end
transactions.  A new backend is currently under
development for SQLite 2.0 that will support both atomic commits and rollback,
but that driver is not yet available.</p>

<p>Under GDBM, starting a transaction just locks all
tables that are either read or written during the course of the
transaction.  The locks are removed when the transaction is ended.
Thus, transactions can be used to make changes to multiple tables
with the assurance that other threads or processes will not touch
the same tables at the same time. For example:</p>

<blockquote>
<b>SELECT data1, data2, ... FROM table1 WHERE ...;</b><br>
... Make a decision to update the table ...<br>
<b>BEGIN TRANSACTION;<br>
SELECT data1, data2, ... FROM table1 WHERE ...;</b><br>
... Make sure no other process changed the table in between
the first SELECT and the BEGIN TRANSACTION. ...<br>
<b>UPDATE table1 SET data1=... WHERE ...;<br>
END TRANSACTION;</b>
</blockquote>

<p>In the code above, the <b>table1</b> table is locked by
the second SELECT because of the transaction.  Thus we know that
no other process has modified <b>table1</b> when the UPDATE
occurs.  The END TRANSACTION releases the lock.</p>
}


Section COPY copy

Syntax {sql-statement} {
COPY <table-name> FROM <filename>
}

................................................................................
side against lower case characters on the other.</p>"
puts {

<p>The GLOB operator is similar to LIKE but uses the Unix
file globbing syntax for its wildcards.  Also, GLOB is case
sensitive, unlike LIKE.  Both GLOB and LIKE may be preceded by
the NOT keyword to invert the sense of the test.</p>

<p>A column name can be any of the names defined in the CREATE TABLE
statement or one of the following special identifiers: "<b>ROWID</b>",
"<b>OID</b>", or "<b>_ROWID_</b>".
These special identifiers all describe the
unique random integer key (the "row key") associated every every 
row of every table.
The special identifiers only refer to the row key if the CREATE TABLE
statement does not define a real column with the same name.  Row keys
act like read-only columns.  A row key can be used anywhere a regular
column can be used, except that you cannot change the value
of a row key in an UPDATE or INSERT statement.
"SELECT * ..." does not return the row key.</p>

<p>SELECT statements can appear in expressions as either the
right-hand operand of the IN operator or as a scalar quantity.
In both cases, the SELECT should have only a single column in its
result.  Compound SELECTs (connected with keywords like UNION or
EXCEPT) are allowed.  Any ORDER BY clause on the select is ignored.
A SELECT in an expression is evaluated once before any other processing