**   inhibits all cache spill and doNotSyncSpill inhibits those spills that
**   would require a journal sync.  The doNotSyncSpill is set and cleared 
**   by sqlite3PagerWrite() in order to prevent a journal sync from happening 
**   in between the journalling of two pages on the same sector.  The
**   doNotSpill value set to prevent pagerStress() from trying to use
**   the journal during a rollback.
**
** needSync
**
**   TODO: It might be easier to set this variable in writeJournalHdr()
**   and writeMasterJournal() only. Change its meaning to "unsynced data
**   has been written to the journal".
**
** subjInMemory
**
**   This is a boolean variable. If true, then any required sub-journal
**   is opened as an in-memory journal file. If false, then in-memory
**   sub-journals are only used for in-memory pager files.
*/
struct Pager {
................................................................................
  ** The 'state' variable is described in more detail along with the
  ** descriptions of the values it may take - PAGER_UNLOCK etc. Many of the
  ** other variables in this block are described in the comment directly 
  ** above this class definition.
  */
  u8 state;                   /* PAGER_UNLOCK, _SHARED, _RESERVED, etc. */
  u8 dbModified;              /* True if there are any changes to the Db */
  u8 needSync;                /* True if an fsync() is needed on the journal */
  u8 journalStarted;          /* True if header of journal is synced */
  u8 changeCountDone;         /* Set after incrementing the change-counter */
  u8 setMaster;               /* True if a m-j name has been written to jrnl */
  u8 doNotSpill;              /* Do not spill the cache when non-zero */
  u8 doNotSyncSpill;          /* Do not do a spill that requires jrnl sync */
  u8 dbSizeValid;             /* Set when dbSize is correct */
  u8 subjInMemory;            /* True to use in-memory sub-journals */
................................................................................
   || (0 != (rc = write32bits(pPager->jfd, iHdrOff+4+nMaster, nMaster)))
   || (0 != (rc = write32bits(pPager->jfd, iHdrOff+4+nMaster+4, cksum)))
   || (0 != (rc = sqlite3OsWrite(pPager->jfd, aJournalMagic, 8, iHdrOff+4+nMaster+8)))
  ){
    return rc;
  }
  pPager->journalOff += (nMaster+20);
  pPager->needSync = !pPager->noSync;

  /* If the pager is in peristent-journal mode, then the physical 
  ** journal-file may extend past the end of the master-journal name
  ** and 8 bytes of magic data just written to the file. This is 
  ** dangerous because the code to rollback a hot-journal file
  ** will not be able to find the master-journal name to determine 
  ** whether or not the journal is hot. 
................................................................................
    rc2 = osUnlock(pPager->fd, SHARED_LOCK);
    pPager->state = PAGER_SHARED;
    pPager->changeCountDone = 0;
  }else if( pPager->state==PAGER_SYNCED ){
    pPager->state = PAGER_EXCLUSIVE;
  }
  pPager->setMaster = 0;
  pPager->needSync = 0;
  pPager->dbModified = 0;

  /* TODO: Is this optimal? Why is the db size invalidated here 
  ** when the database file is not unlocked? */
  pPager->dbOrigSize = 0;
  sqlite3PcacheTruncate(pPager->pPCache, pPager->dbSize);
  if( !MEMDB ){
................................................................................
** and FULL=3.
*/
#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_PAGER_PRAGMAS
void sqlite3PagerSetSafetyLevel(Pager *pPager, int level, int bFullFsync){
  pPager->noSync =  (level==1 || pPager->tempFile) ?1:0;
  pPager->fullSync = (level==3 && !pPager->tempFile) ?1:0;
  pPager->sync_flags = (bFullFsync?SQLITE_SYNC_FULL:SQLITE_SYNC_NORMAL);
  if( pPager->noSync ) pPager->needSync = 0;
}
#endif

/*
** The following global variable is incremented whenever the library
** attempts to open a temporary file.  This information is used for
** testing and analysis only.  
................................................................................
}

/*
** Sync the journal. In other words, make sure all the pages that have
** been written to the journal have actually reached the surface of the
** disk and can be restored in the event of a hot-journal rollback.
**
** If the Pager.needSync flag is not set, then this function is a
** no-op. Otherwise, the actions required depend on the journal-mode
** and the device characteristics of the the file-system, as follows:
**
**   * If the journal file is an in-memory journal file, no action need
**     be taken.
**
**   * Otherwise, if the device does not support the SAFE_APPEND property,
**     then the nRec field of the most recently written journal header
**     is updated to contain the number of journal records that have
................................................................................
**     if( NOT SAFE_APPEND ){
**       if( <full-sync mode> ) xSync(<journal file>);
**       <update nRec field>
**     } 
**     if( NOT SEQUENTIAL ) xSync(<journal file>);
**   }
**
** The Pager.needSync flag is never be set for temporary files, or any
** file operating in no-sync mode (Pager.noSync set to non-zero).
**
** If successful, this routine clears the PGHDR_NEED_SYNC flag of every 
** page currently held in memory before returning SQLITE_OK. If an IO
** error is encountered, then the IO error code is returned to the caller.
*/
static int syncJournal(Pager *pPager){
  if( pPager->needSync ){
    assert( !pPager->tempFile );
    if( pPager->journalMode!=PAGER_JOURNALMODE_MEMORY ){


      int rc;                              /* Return code */
      const int iDc = sqlite3OsDeviceCharacteristics(pPager->fd);
      assert( isOpen(pPager->jfd) );

      if( 0==(iDc&SQLITE_IOCAP_SAFE_APPEND) ){
        /* This block deals with an obscure problem. If the last connection
        ** that wrote to this database was operating in persistent-journal
................................................................................
        rc = sqlite3OsSync(pPager->jfd, pPager->sync_flags| 
          (pPager->sync_flags==SQLITE_SYNC_FULL?SQLITE_SYNC_DATAONLY:0)
        );
        if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
      }
    }

    /* The journal file was just successfully synced. Set Pager.needSync 
    ** to zero and clear the PGHDR_NEED_SYNC flag on all pagess.
    */
    pPager->needSync = 0;
    pPager->journalStarted = 1;
    pPager->journalHdr = pPager->journalOff;
    sqlite3PcacheClearSyncFlags(pPager->pPCache);
  }

  return SQLITE_OK;
}
................................................................................
    **
    ** Also, do not write out any page that has the PGHDR_DONT_WRITE flag
    ** set (set by sqlite3PagerDontWrite()).
    */
    if( pgno<=pPager->dbSize && 0==(pList->flags&PGHDR_DONT_WRITE) ){
      i64 offset = (pgno-1)*(i64)pPager->pageSize;   /* Offset to write */
      char *pData;                                   /* Data to write */    



      /* Encode the database */
      CODEC2(pPager, pList->pData, pgno, 6, return SQLITE_NOMEM, pData);

      /* Write out the page data. */
      rc = sqlite3OsWrite(pPager->fd, pData, pPager->pageSize, offset);

................................................................................
        rc==SQLITE_OK && pPg->pgno>pPager->dbSize && subjRequiresPage(pPg)
    ) ){
      rc = subjournalPage(pPg);
    }
  
    /* Write the contents of the page out to the database file. */
    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){

      rc = pager_write_pagelist(pPager, pPg);
    }
  }

  /* Mark the page as clean. */
  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
    PAGERTRACE(("STRESS %d page %d\n", PAGERID(pPager), pPg->pgno));
................................................................................
  assert( tempFile==PAGER_LOCKINGMODE_NORMAL 
          || tempFile==PAGER_LOCKINGMODE_EXCLUSIVE );
  assert( PAGER_LOCKINGMODE_EXCLUSIVE==1 );
  pPager->exclusiveMode = (u8)tempFile; 
  pPager->changeCountDone = pPager->tempFile;
  pPager->memDb = (u8)memDb;
  pPager->readOnly = (u8)readOnly;
  /* pPager->needSync = 0; */
  assert( useJournal || pPager->tempFile );
  pPager->noSync = pPager->tempFile;
  pPager->fullSync = pPager->noSync ?0:1;
  pPager->sync_flags = SQLITE_SYNC_NORMAL;
  /* pPager->pFirst = 0; */
  /* pPager->pFirstSynced = 0; */
  /* pPager->pLast = 0; */
................................................................................
  /* Write the first journal header to the journal file and open 
  ** the sub-journal if necessary.
  */
  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
    /* TODO: Check if all of these are really required. */
    pPager->dbOrigSize = pPager->dbSize;
    pPager->journalStarted = 0;
    pPager->needSync = 0;
    pPager->nRec = 0;
    pPager->journalOff = 0;
    pPager->setMaster = 0;
    pPager->journalHdr = 0;
    rc = writeJournalHdr(pPager);
  }

................................................................................
        ** Otherwise, when the transaction is rolled back, the logic in
        ** playback_one_page() will think that the page needs to be restored
        ** in the database file. And if an IO error occurs while doing so,
        ** then corruption may follow.
        */
        if( !pPager->noSync ){
          pPg->flags |= PGHDR_NEED_SYNC;
          pPager->needSync = 1;
        }

        /* An error has occurred writing to the journal file. The 
        ** transaction will be rolled back by the layer above.
        */
        if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
          return rc;
................................................................................
        if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
          assert( rc==SQLITE_NOMEM );
          return rc;
        }
      }else{
        if( !pPager->journalStarted && !pPager->noSync ){
          pPg->flags |= PGHDR_NEED_SYNC;
          pPager->needSync = 1;
        }
        PAGERTRACE(("APPEND %d page %d needSync=%d\n",
                PAGERID(pPager), pPg->pgno,
               ((pPg->flags&PGHDR_NEED_SYNC)?1:0)));
      }
    }
  
................................................................................
      if( pg==pPg->pgno || !sqlite3BitvecTest(pPager->pInJournal, pg) ){
        if( pg!=PAGER_MJ_PGNO(pPager) ){
          rc = sqlite3PagerGet(pPager, pg, &pPage);
          if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
            rc = pager_write(pPage);
            if( pPage->flags&PGHDR_NEED_SYNC ){
              needSync = 1;
              assert(pPager->needSync);
            }
            sqlite3PagerUnref(pPage);
          }
        }
      }else if( (pPage = pager_lookup(pPager, pg))!=0 ){
        if( pPage->flags&PGHDR_NEED_SYNC ){
          needSync = 1;
................................................................................
      for(ii=0; ii<nPage; ii++){
        PgHdr *pPage = pager_lookup(pPager, pg1+ii);
        if( pPage ){
          pPage->flags |= PGHDR_NEED_SYNC;
          sqlite3PagerUnref(pPage);
        }
      }
      assert(pPager->needSync);
    }

    assert( pPager->doNotSyncSpill==1 );
    pPager->doNotSyncSpill--;
  }else{
    rc = pager_write(pDbPage);
  }
................................................................................
      /* Write the master journal name into the journal file. If a master 
      ** journal file name has already been written to the journal file, 
      ** or if zMaster is NULL (no master journal), then this call is a no-op.
      */
      rc = writeMasterJournal(pPager, zMaster);
      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) goto commit_phase_one_exit;
  

      /* Sync the journal file. If the atomic-update optimization is being
      ** used, this call will not create the journal file or perform any
      ** real IO.







      */
      rc = syncJournal(pPager);
      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) goto commit_phase_one_exit;
  
      /* Write all dirty pages to the database file. */
      rc = pager_write_pagelist(pPager,sqlite3PcacheDirtyList(pPager->pPCache));
      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
        assert( rc!=SQLITE_IOERR_BLOCKED );
        goto commit_phase_one_exit;
      }
      sqlite3PcacheCleanAll(pPager->pPCache);
  
................................................................................
  ** the journal needs to be sync()ed before database page pPg->pgno 
  ** can be written to. The caller has already promised not to write to it.
  */
  if( (pPg->flags&PGHDR_NEED_SYNC) && !isCommit ){
    needSyncPgno = pPg->pgno;
    assert( pageInJournal(pPg) || pPg->pgno>pPager->dbOrigSize );
    assert( pPg->flags&PGHDR_DIRTY );
    assert( pPager->needSync );
  }

  /* If the cache contains a page with page-number pgno, remove it
  ** from its hash chain. Also, if the PgHdr.needSync was set for 
  ** page pgno before the 'move' operation, it needs to be retained 
  ** for the page moved there.
  */
  pPg->flags &= ~PGHDR_NEED_SYNC;
  pPgOld = pager_lookup(pPager, pgno);
  assert( !pPgOld || pPgOld->nRef==1 );
  if( pPgOld ){
................................................................................
  pPager->dbModified = 1;

  if( needSyncPgno ){
    /* If needSyncPgno is non-zero, then the journal file needs to be 
    ** sync()ed before any data is written to database file page needSyncPgno.
    ** Currently, no such page exists in the page-cache and the 
    ** "is journaled" bitvec flag has been set. This needs to be remedied by
    ** loading the page into the pager-cache and setting the PgHdr.needSync 
    ** flag.
    **
    ** If the attempt to load the page into the page-cache fails, (due
    ** to a malloc() or IO failure), clear the bit in the pInJournal[]
    ** array. Otherwise, if the page is loaded and written again in
    ** this transaction, it may be written to the database file before
    ** it is synced into the journal file. This way, it may end up in
    ** the journal file twice, but that is not a problem.
    **
    ** The sqlite3PagerGet() call may cause the journal to sync. So make
    ** sure the Pager.needSync flag is set too.
    */
    PgHdr *pPgHdr;
    assert( pPager->needSync );
    rc = sqlite3PagerGet(pPager, needSyncPgno, &pPgHdr);
    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
      if( needSyncPgno<=pPager->dbOrigSize ){
        assert( pPager->pTmpSpace!=0 );
        sqlite3BitvecClear(pPager->pInJournal, needSyncPgno, pPager->pTmpSpace);
      }
      return rc;
    }
    pPager->needSync = 1;
    assert( pPager->noSync==0 && !MEMDB );
    pPgHdr->flags |= PGHDR_NEED_SYNC;
    sqlite3PcacheMakeDirty(pPgHdr);
    sqlite3PagerUnref(pPgHdr);
  }

  /*

**   inhibits all cache spill and doNotSyncSpill inhibits those spills that
**   would require a journal sync.  The doNotSyncSpill is set and cleared 
**   by sqlite3PagerWrite() in order to prevent a journal sync from happening 
**   in between the journalling of two pages on the same sector.  The
**   doNotSpill value set to prevent pagerStress() from trying to use
**   the journal during a rollback.
**






** subjInMemory
**
**   This is a boolean variable. If true, then any required sub-journal
**   is opened as an in-memory journal file. If false, then in-memory
**   sub-journals are only used for in-memory pager files.
*/
struct Pager {
................................................................................
  ** The 'state' variable is described in more detail along with the
  ** descriptions of the values it may take - PAGER_UNLOCK etc. Many of the
  ** other variables in this block are described in the comment directly 
  ** above this class definition.
  */
  u8 state;                   /* PAGER_UNLOCK, _SHARED, _RESERVED, etc. */
  u8 dbModified;              /* True if there are any changes to the Db */

  u8 journalStarted;          /* True if header of journal is synced */
  u8 changeCountDone;         /* Set after incrementing the change-counter */
  u8 setMaster;               /* True if a m-j name has been written to jrnl */
  u8 doNotSpill;              /* Do not spill the cache when non-zero */
  u8 doNotSyncSpill;          /* Do not do a spill that requires jrnl sync */
  u8 dbSizeValid;             /* Set when dbSize is correct */
  u8 subjInMemory;            /* True to use in-memory sub-journals */
................................................................................
   || (0 != (rc = write32bits(pPager->jfd, iHdrOff+4+nMaster, nMaster)))
   || (0 != (rc = write32bits(pPager->jfd, iHdrOff+4+nMaster+4, cksum)))
   || (0 != (rc = sqlite3OsWrite(pPager->jfd, aJournalMagic, 8, iHdrOff+4+nMaster+8)))
  ){
    return rc;
  }
  pPager->journalOff += (nMaster+20);


  /* If the pager is in peristent-journal mode, then the physical 
  ** journal-file may extend past the end of the master-journal name
  ** and 8 bytes of magic data just written to the file. This is 
  ** dangerous because the code to rollback a hot-journal file
  ** will not be able to find the master-journal name to determine 
  ** whether or not the journal is hot. 
................................................................................
    rc2 = osUnlock(pPager->fd, SHARED_LOCK);
    pPager->state = PAGER_SHARED;
    pPager->changeCountDone = 0;
  }else if( pPager->state==PAGER_SYNCED ){
    pPager->state = PAGER_EXCLUSIVE;
  }
  pPager->setMaster = 0;

  pPager->dbModified = 0;

  /* TODO: Is this optimal? Why is the db size invalidated here 
  ** when the database file is not unlocked? */
  pPager->dbOrigSize = 0;
  sqlite3PcacheTruncate(pPager->pPCache, pPager->dbSize);
  if( !MEMDB ){
................................................................................
** and FULL=3.
*/
#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_PAGER_PRAGMAS
void sqlite3PagerSetSafetyLevel(Pager *pPager, int level, int bFullFsync){
  pPager->noSync =  (level==1 || pPager->tempFile) ?1:0;
  pPager->fullSync = (level==3 && !pPager->tempFile) ?1:0;
  pPager->sync_flags = (bFullFsync?SQLITE_SYNC_FULL:SQLITE_SYNC_NORMAL);

}
#endif

/*
** The following global variable is incremented whenever the library
** attempts to open a temporary file.  This information is used for
** testing and analysis only.  
................................................................................
}

/*
** Sync the journal. In other words, make sure all the pages that have
** been written to the journal have actually reached the surface of the
** disk and can be restored in the event of a hot-journal rollback.
**
** If the Pager.noSync flag is set, then this function is a no-op. 
** Otherwise, the actions required depend on the journal-mode and the 
** device characteristics of the the file-system, as follows:
**
**   * If the journal file is an in-memory journal file, no action need
**     be taken.
**
**   * Otherwise, if the device does not support the SAFE_APPEND property,
**     then the nRec field of the most recently written journal header
**     is updated to contain the number of journal records that have
................................................................................
**     if( NOT SAFE_APPEND ){
**       if( <full-sync mode> ) xSync(<journal file>);
**       <update nRec field>
**     } 
**     if( NOT SEQUENTIAL ) xSync(<journal file>);
**   }
**



** If successful, this routine clears the PGHDR_NEED_SYNC flag of every 
** page currently held in memory before returning SQLITE_OK. If an IO
** error is encountered, then the IO error code is returned to the caller.
*/
static int syncJournal(Pager *pPager){
  if( !pPager->noSync ){
    assert( !pPager->tempFile );
    if( pPager->journalMode!=PAGER_JOURNALMODE_MEMORY 
     && pPager->journalMode!=PAGER_JOURNALMODE_OFF 
    ){
      int rc;                              /* Return code */
      const int iDc = sqlite3OsDeviceCharacteristics(pPager->fd);
      assert( isOpen(pPager->jfd) );

      if( 0==(iDc&SQLITE_IOCAP_SAFE_APPEND) ){
        /* This block deals with an obscure problem. If the last connection
        ** that wrote to this database was operating in persistent-journal
................................................................................
        rc = sqlite3OsSync(pPager->jfd, pPager->sync_flags| 
          (pPager->sync_flags==SQLITE_SYNC_FULL?SQLITE_SYNC_DATAONLY:0)
        );
        if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
      }
    }

    /* The journal file was just successfully synced. Clear the 
    ** PGHDR_NEED_SYNC flag on all pagess.
    */

    pPager->journalStarted = 1;
    pPager->journalHdr = pPager->journalOff;
    sqlite3PcacheClearSyncFlags(pPager->pPCache);
  }

  return SQLITE_OK;
}
................................................................................
    **
    ** Also, do not write out any page that has the PGHDR_DONT_WRITE flag
    ** set (set by sqlite3PagerDontWrite()).
    */
    if( pgno<=pPager->dbSize && 0==(pList->flags&PGHDR_DONT_WRITE) ){
      i64 offset = (pgno-1)*(i64)pPager->pageSize;   /* Offset to write */
      char *pData;                                   /* Data to write */    

      assert( (pList->flags&PGHDR_NEED_SYNC)==0 );

      /* Encode the database */
      CODEC2(pPager, pList->pData, pgno, 6, return SQLITE_NOMEM, pData);

      /* Write out the page data. */
      rc = sqlite3OsWrite(pPager->fd, pData, pPager->pageSize, offset);

................................................................................
        rc==SQLITE_OK && pPg->pgno>pPager->dbSize && subjRequiresPage(pPg)
    ) ){
      rc = subjournalPage(pPg);
    }
  
    /* Write the contents of the page out to the database file. */
    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
      assert( (pPg->flags&PGHDR_NEED_SYNC)==0 );
      rc = pager_write_pagelist(pPager, pPg);
    }
  }

  /* Mark the page as clean. */
  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
    PAGERTRACE(("STRESS %d page %d\n", PAGERID(pPager), pPg->pgno));
................................................................................
  assert( tempFile==PAGER_LOCKINGMODE_NORMAL 
          || tempFile==PAGER_LOCKINGMODE_EXCLUSIVE );
  assert( PAGER_LOCKINGMODE_EXCLUSIVE==1 );
  pPager->exclusiveMode = (u8)tempFile; 
  pPager->changeCountDone = pPager->tempFile;
  pPager->memDb = (u8)memDb;
  pPager->readOnly = (u8)readOnly;

  assert( useJournal || pPager->tempFile );
  pPager->noSync = pPager->tempFile;
  pPager->fullSync = pPager->noSync ?0:1;
  pPager->sync_flags = SQLITE_SYNC_NORMAL;
  /* pPager->pFirst = 0; */
  /* pPager->pFirstSynced = 0; */
  /* pPager->pLast = 0; */
................................................................................
  /* Write the first journal header to the journal file and open 
  ** the sub-journal if necessary.
  */
  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
    /* TODO: Check if all of these are really required. */
    pPager->dbOrigSize = pPager->dbSize;
    pPager->journalStarted = 0;

    pPager->nRec = 0;
    pPager->journalOff = 0;
    pPager->setMaster = 0;
    pPager->journalHdr = 0;
    rc = writeJournalHdr(pPager);
  }

................................................................................
        ** Otherwise, when the transaction is rolled back, the logic in
        ** playback_one_page() will think that the page needs to be restored
        ** in the database file. And if an IO error occurs while doing so,
        ** then corruption may follow.
        */
        if( !pPager->noSync ){
          pPg->flags |= PGHDR_NEED_SYNC;

        }

        /* An error has occurred writing to the journal file. The 
        ** transaction will be rolled back by the layer above.
        */
        if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
          return rc;
................................................................................
        if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
          assert( rc==SQLITE_NOMEM );
          return rc;
        }
      }else{
        if( !pPager->journalStarted && !pPager->noSync ){
          pPg->flags |= PGHDR_NEED_SYNC;

        }
        PAGERTRACE(("APPEND %d page %d needSync=%d\n",
                PAGERID(pPager), pPg->pgno,
               ((pPg->flags&PGHDR_NEED_SYNC)?1:0)));
      }
    }
  
................................................................................
      if( pg==pPg->pgno || !sqlite3BitvecTest(pPager->pInJournal, pg) ){
        if( pg!=PAGER_MJ_PGNO(pPager) ){
          rc = sqlite3PagerGet(pPager, pg, &pPage);
          if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
            rc = pager_write(pPage);
            if( pPage->flags&PGHDR_NEED_SYNC ){
              needSync = 1;

            }
            sqlite3PagerUnref(pPage);
          }
        }
      }else if( (pPage = pager_lookup(pPager, pg))!=0 ){
        if( pPage->flags&PGHDR_NEED_SYNC ){
          needSync = 1;
................................................................................
      for(ii=0; ii<nPage; ii++){
        PgHdr *pPage = pager_lookup(pPager, pg1+ii);
        if( pPage ){
          pPage->flags |= PGHDR_NEED_SYNC;
          sqlite3PagerUnref(pPage);
        }
      }

    }

    assert( pPager->doNotSyncSpill==1 );
    pPager->doNotSyncSpill--;
  }else{
    rc = pager_write(pDbPage);
  }
................................................................................
      /* Write the master journal name into the journal file. If a master 
      ** journal file name has already been written to the journal file, 
      ** or if zMaster is NULL (no master journal), then this call is a no-op.
      */
      rc = writeMasterJournal(pPager, zMaster);
      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) goto commit_phase_one_exit;
  
      /* Sync the journal file and write all dirty pages to the database.
      ** If the atomic-update optimization is being used, this sync will not 
      ** create the journal file or perform any real IO.

      **
      ** Because the change-counter page was just modified, unless the
      ** atomic-update optimization is used it is almost certain that the
      ** journal requires a sync here. However, in locking_mode=exclusive
      ** on a system under memory pressure it is just possible that this is 
      ** not the case. In this case it is likely enough that the redundant
      ** xSync() call will be changed to a no-op by the OS anyhow. 
      */
      rc = syncJournal(pPager);
      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) goto commit_phase_one_exit;


      rc = pager_write_pagelist(pPager,sqlite3PcacheDirtyList(pPager->pPCache));
      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
        assert( rc!=SQLITE_IOERR_BLOCKED );
        goto commit_phase_one_exit;
      }
      sqlite3PcacheCleanAll(pPager->pPCache);
  
................................................................................
  ** the journal needs to be sync()ed before database page pPg->pgno 
  ** can be written to. The caller has already promised not to write to it.
  */
  if( (pPg->flags&PGHDR_NEED_SYNC) && !isCommit ){
    needSyncPgno = pPg->pgno;
    assert( pageInJournal(pPg) || pPg->pgno>pPager->dbOrigSize );
    assert( pPg->flags&PGHDR_DIRTY );

  }

  /* If the cache contains a page with page-number pgno, remove it
  ** from its hash chain. Also, if the PGHDR_NEED_SYNC flag was set for 
  ** page pgno before the 'move' operation, it needs to be retained 
  ** for the page moved there.
  */
  pPg->flags &= ~PGHDR_NEED_SYNC;
  pPgOld = pager_lookup(pPager, pgno);
  assert( !pPgOld || pPgOld->nRef==1 );
  if( pPgOld ){
................................................................................
  pPager->dbModified = 1;

  if( needSyncPgno ){
    /* If needSyncPgno is non-zero, then the journal file needs to be 
    ** sync()ed before any data is written to database file page needSyncPgno.
    ** Currently, no such page exists in the page-cache and the 
    ** "is journaled" bitvec flag has been set. This needs to be remedied by
    ** loading the page into the pager-cache and setting the PGHDR_NEED_SYNC
    ** flag.
    **
    ** If the attempt to load the page into the page-cache fails, (due
    ** to a malloc() or IO failure), clear the bit in the pInJournal[]
    ** array. Otherwise, if the page is loaded and written again in
    ** this transaction, it may be written to the database file before
    ** it is synced into the journal file. This way, it may end up in
    ** the journal file twice, but that is not a problem.



    */
    PgHdr *pPgHdr;

    rc = sqlite3PagerGet(pPager, needSyncPgno, &pPgHdr);
    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
      if( needSyncPgno<=pPager->dbOrigSize ){
        assert( pPager->pTmpSpace!=0 );
        sqlite3BitvecClear(pPager->pInJournal, needSyncPgno, pPager->pTmpSpace);
      }
      return rc;
    }

    assert( pPager->noSync==0 && !MEMDB );
    pPgHdr->flags |= PGHDR_NEED_SYNC;
    sqlite3PcacheMakeDirty(pPgHdr);
    sqlite3PagerUnref(pPgHdr);
  }

  /*