Documentation Source Text

<title>SQLite SQL Language Requirements</title>

<tcl>
proc syntaxreq {id derivedfrom explaination text {bnf {}}} {
  hd_fragment $id $id
  set dlist {}
  foreach d $derivedfrom {
    append dlist <$d>

  global syntax_dcnt
  incr syntax_dcnt
  eval hd_fragment D$syntax_dcnt $namelist
  hd_resolve "\n<p>$text</p>\n\n"
}
</tcl>

<h1>SQLite Language Requirements</h1>

<p>These requirements make the distinction between "preparing" an
SQL statement and "evaluating" or "invoking" an SQL statement.
Preparation means that the SQL statement text is translated into
an internal binary representation that is more suitable for processing.
Evaluation or invocation means that the processing is actually carried out.
Preparation of an SQL statement is usually accomplished by interfaces

syntaxreq {H42325} {} {} {
  The preparation of a CREATE TABLE statement shall fail with an 
  error if the IF NOT EXISTS clause is omitted and the <i>objectname</i>
  is the same as the name of a table or view
  in the same database.
}
syntaxreq {H42328} {} {} {
  The evaluation of a CREATE TABLE statement shall be a silent no-op if the
  IF NOT EXISTS clause is present and the <i>objectname</i>
  is the same as the name of a table or view
  in the same database.
}
syntaxreq {H42331} {} {} {
  The preparation of a CREATE TABLE statement shall fail with an error if the
  the <i>objectname</i> is the same as the name of an index
  in any database attached to the same [database connection].
}
syntaxreq {H42334} {} {} {
  The preparation of a CREATE TABLE statement shall fail with an error if the
  the <i>databasename</i> references a database that is not
  attached to the same [database connection].
}
</tcl>

<h4>2.1.1 CREATE TABLE column definitions</h4>

  conflict ::= ON CONFLICT IGNORE.
  conflict ::= ON CONFLICT REPLACE.
  conflict ::= ON CONFLICT ABORT.
  conflict ::= ON CONFLICT FAIL.
  conflict ::= ON CONFLICT ROLLBACK.
}
syntaxreq {H42453} {} {} {
  When a column as a DEFAULT constraint, the default value for the
  column shall be the value specified by that constraint.
}
syntaxreq {H42456} {} {} {
  If a column has no DEFAULT constraint then the default value for
  that column shall be NULL.
}
syntaxreq {H42459} {} {
  Every column a table has a "null-conflict resolution behavior"
  which is one of NONE, IGNORE, REPLACE, FAIL, ABORT, or ROLLBACK.</p>


  <p>The default null-conflict resolution behavior is NONE, which means
  NULLs are allowed in the column.  This can be made explicit by
  specifying the NULL constraint.  But the use of the NULL constraint
  is merely a comment for human readers.  SQLite silently ignores the
  NULL constraint and its ON CONFLICT clause.  SQLite only cares
  about NOT NULL constraints since only NOT NULL constraints make
  a behaviorial difference.
} {
  If a column has no NOT NULL constraint then the NULL conflict
  resolution behavior for the column shall be NONE.
}
syntaxreq {H42462} {} {} {
  If a column has a NOT NULL constraint and that constrait lacks
  an ON CONFLICT clause
  then the null-conflict resolution behavior for the column shall
  be ABORT.
}
syntaxreq {H42465} {} {} {
  If a column has a NOT NULL constraint and that constraint
  has an ON CONFLICT clause
  then the null-conflict resolution behavior for the column shall
  be the behavior specified by the ON CONFLICT clause.
}
syntaxreq {H42467} {} {} {
  A column without a COLLATE constraint shall have a default
  collating sequence of BINARY.
}
syntaxreq {H42468} {} {} {

  an alias for the table rowid.
}
syntaxreq {H42476} {} {} {
  If a table contains no column named "_ROWID_" then "_ROWID_" shall be
  an alias for the table rowid.
}
syntaxreq {H42478} {} {
  The AUTOINCREMENT keyword is ignored except when it appears on an explicit
  rowid column.
} {
  A table shall have an autoincrementing rowid if and only if
  the PRIMARY KEY for the table is an alias for the rowid and
  the PRIMARY KEY declaration uses the AUTOINCR keyword.
}

syntaxreq {H42480} {} {} {
  Successful evaluation of a CREATE TABLE statement shall create
  an index for every UNIQUE constraint where the created index has
  a conflict resolution algorithm as specified by the ON CONFLICT






  clause of the UNIQUE constraint or a conflict resolution algorithm
  of ABORT if there is no ON CONFLICT clause on the constraint.
}


syntaxreq {H42510} {} {} {
  The SQLite parser shall accept the following syntax for the list of table
  contraints that occurs at the end of an [ordinary CREATE TABLE statement].
} {

}
syntaxreq {H42517} {} {} {
  The preparation of a CREATE TABLE statement that contains a
  CHECK constraint that uses a parameter shall fail with an error.
}
syntaxreq {H42518} {} {} {
  The preparation of a CREATE TABLE statement that contains a
  CHECK constraint that references any column of a table other than
  the table being created shall fail with an error.
}
syntaxreq {H42521} {} {} {
  The preparation of a CREATE TABLE statement that contains a
  DEFAULT constraint with an non-constant expression
  shall fail with an error.
}
















syntaxreq {H42536} {} {
  Except for the special case of INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, a
  PRIMARY KEY is just an alias for UNIQUE.
} {
  A PRIMARY KEY constraint that does not result in a rowid alias
  shall have the same effect as a UNIQUE constraint.
}

  statement shall have base names which are the names of the columns
  in the result set of the SELECT statement
}
syntaxreq {H42617} {} {} {
  Each column name in a table generated by a CREATE TABLE AS
  statement shall have an arbitrary suffix appended to its basename
  if and only if such a suffix is necessary to make the name
  distinct from all preceding column names in the table.
}
syntaxreq {H42619} {} {} {
  All columns in a table generated by a CREATE TABLE AS statement
  shall have a default value of NULL.
}
syntaxreq {H42622} {} {} {
  All columns in a table generated by a CREATE TABLE AS statement

  database and discarded.
}
syntaxreq {H42719} {} {} {
  The successful evaluation of a DROP TABLE statement shall cause
  all indices attached to the table identified by <i>fullname</i>
  to be removed from their database and discarded.
}
syntaxreq {H42721} {} {} {
  The successful evaluation of a DROP TABLE statement shall cause
  all triggers attached to the table identified by <i>fullname</i>
  to be removed from their database and discarded.
}
syntaxreq {H42724} {} {} {
  The preparation of a DROP TABLE statement shall fail with an
  error if <i>fullname</i> is a system table.
}
</tcl>

<h3>2.3 CREATE INDEX</h3>

<tcl>
syntaxreq {H42800} {} {} {
  The SQLite parser shall accept CREATE INDEX statements that 

  sortorder ::= .
  sortorder ::= ASC.
  sortorder ::= DESC.
}
syntaxreq {H42803} {} {} {
  The target database of a CREATE INDEX statement shall be the 
  <i>databasename</i> specified in the <i>fullname</i> term of the
  statement if the <i>databasename</i> exists.
}
syntaxreq {H42806} {} {} {
  If the <i>fullname</i> term of a CREATE INDEX statement does not
  specify a <i>databasename</i> and the <i>tablename</i> references a table 
  that is in the "temp" database, then the target database for the statement
  shall be "temp".
}

  A successful evaluation of a CREATE INDEX statement shall create a 
  new index called <i>objectname</i>
  in the database of the statement and attached to the
  table identified by <i>tablename</i> in that same database.
}
syntaxreq {H42821} {} {} {
  An index generated by a CREATE INDEX statement that omits the
  UNIQUE keyword shall have a conflict resolution behavior
  of NONE.
}
syntaxreq {H42824} {} {} {
  An index generated by a CREATE INDEX statement that includes the
  UNIQUE keyword shall have a conflict resolution behavior
  of ABORT.
}
syntaxreq {H42830} {} {} {
  The preparation of a CREATE INDEX statement shall fail with an error if any
  <i>columnname</i> value within the <i>indexlist</i> is not the
  name of one of the columns of the <i>tablename</i> table.
}
syntaxreq {H42833} {} {
  The following rules regarding default collating sequences and
  sort order for indices applies both to indices created by CREATE INDEX
  statements
  and also by UNIQUE or PRIMARY KEY constraints on the table definition.
} {
  The collating sequence for each column of an index shall be the
  collating sequence specified in the <i>indexlist</i>.
}
syntaxreq {H42836} {} {} {
  If an index column does not specify a collating sequence then
  the collating sequence shall be
  the default collating sequence of the corresponding table column.
}
syntaxreq {H42839} {} {} {
  The sort order for an index column shall be descending if and only
  if the DESC keyword is used in the <i>indexlist</i> entry for that
  term.
}
syntaxreq {H42842} {} {} {
  The preparation of a CREATE INDEX statement shall fail with an error
  if the <i>tablename</i> refers to a system table.
}

</tcl>

<h3>2.4 DROP INDEX</h3>

<tcl>
syntaxreq {H42900} {} {} {
  The SQLite parser shall accept DROP INDEX statements 
  that conform to the following syntax:
} {
  cmd ::= DROP INDEX ifexists fullname.
}
syntaxreq {H42910} {} {} {
  The preparation of a DROP INDEX statement shall fail with an
  error if the statement lacks an IF EXISTS clause and the
  <i>fullname</i> does not reference a existing index.
}
syntaxreq {H42913} {} {} {
  The evaluation of a DROP INDEX statement shall be a silent no-op
  if the the statement has an IF EXISTS clause and the
  <i>fullname</i> does not reference a existing index.
}
syntaxreq {H42916} {} {} {
  The successful evaluation of a DROP INDEX statement shall cause
  the index identified by <i>fullname</i> to be removed from its
  database and discarded.
}
</tcl>

<h3>2.5 CREATE VIEW</h3>

<tcl>
syntaxreq {H43100} {} {} {
  The SQLite parser shall accept CREATE VIEW statements 
  that conform to the following syntax:
} {
  cmd ::= CREATE temp VIEW ifnotexists fullname AS select.
}
syntaxreq {H43113} {} {} {
  When the TEMP keyword appears in a CREATE VIEW statement and the
  <i>databasename</i> exists and is something other than "temp", then
  the preparation of the CREATE VIEW statement shall fail with an error.
}
syntaxreq {H43116} {} {} {
  When the TEMP keyword appears in a CREATE VIEW statement the behavior
  shall be as if the <i>databasename</i> where "temp".
}
syntaxreq {H43119} {} {} {
  The successful evaluation of a CREATE VIEW statement shall cause
  a new view whose name is given by the <i>objectname</i> and is located
  in the schema of the database whose name is given by the
  <i>databasename</i>.
}
syntaxreq {H43122} {} {} {
  If a CREATE VIEW statement specifies no <i>databasename</i> and omits
  the TEMP keyword then the behavior shall be as if a <i>databasename</i>
  of "main" where used.
}
syntaxreq {H43125} {} {} {
  The preparation of a CREATE VIEW statement shall fail with an 
  error if the IF NOT EXISTS clause is omitted and the <i>objectname</i>
  is the same as the name of a table or view
  in the same database.
}
syntaxreq {H43128} {} {} {
  The evaluation of a CREATE VIEW statement shall be a silent no-op if the
  IF NOT EXISTS clause is present and the <i>objectname</i>
  is the same as the name of a table or view
  in the same database.
}
syntaxreq {H43131} {} {} {
  The preparation of a CREATE VIEW statement shall fail with an error if the
  the <i>objectname</i> is the same as the name of an index
  in any database attached to the same [database connection].
}
syntaxreq {H43234} {} {} {
  The preparation of a CREATE VIEW statement shall fail with an error if the
  the <i>databasename</i> references a database that is not
  attached to the same [database connection].
}
syntaxreq {H43237} {} {} {
  The view generated by a CREATE VIEW statement shall have the
  same number of columns as the result set of the SELECT.
}
syntaxreq {H43241} {} {} {
  The names of the columns in a view generated by a CREATE VIEW
  statement shall have base names which are the names of the columns
  in the result set of the SELECT statement
}
syntaxreq {H43244} {} {} {
  Each column name in a table generated by a CREATE VIEW
  statement shall have an arbitrary suffix appended to its basename
  if and only if such a suffix is necessary to make the name
  distinct from all preceding column names in the view.
}
</tcl>

<h3>2.6 DROP VIEW</h3>

<tcl>
syntaxreq {H43200} {} {} {
  The SQLite parser shall accept DROP VIEW statements
  that conform to the following syntax:
} {
  cmd ::= DROP VIEW ifexists fullname.
}
syntaxreq {H43204} {} {} {
  The preparation of a DROP VIEW statement shall fail with an
  error if the statement lacks an IF EXISTS clause and the
  <i>fullname</i> does not reference a existing view.
}
syntaxreq {H43207} {} {} {
  The evaluation of a DROP VIEW statement shall be a silent no-op
  if the the statement has an IF EXISTS clause and the
  <i>fullname</i> does not reference a existing view.
}
syntaxreq {H43211} {} {} {
  The successful evaluation of a DROP VIEW statement shall cause
  the view identified by <i>fullname</i> to be removed from its
  database and discarded.
}
syntaxreq {H43214} {} {} {
  The successful evaluation of a DROP VIEW statement shall cause
  all triggers attached to the view identified by <i>fullname</i>
  to be removed from their database and discarded.
}
</tcl>

<h3>2.7 CREATE TRIGGER</h3>

<tcl>
syntaxreq {H43300} {} {} {
  The SQLite parser shall accept CREATE TRIGGER statements
  that conform to the following syntax:
} {
  cmd ::= CREATE temp TRIGGER ifnotexists fullname trigger trigger_body.
  trigger ::= trigger_time trigger_event foreach_clause when_clause.
  trigger_body ::= BEGIN trigger_cmd_list END.
  trigger_cmd_list ::= trigger_cmd_list trigger_cmd SEMI.
  trigger_cmd_list ::=.
  trigger_cmd ::= DELETE FROM tablename where.
  trigger_cmd ::= update_cmd tablename SET setlist where.
  trigger_cmd ::= insert_cmd INTO tablename inscollist_opt VALUES LP exprlist RP.
  trigger_cmd ::= insert_cmd INTO tablename inscollist_opt select.
  trigger_cmd ::= select.
  trigger_event ::= DELETE ON trigger_target.
  trigger_event ::= INSERT ON trigger_target.
  trigger_event ::= UPDATE OF inscollist ON trigger_target.
  trigger_event ::= UPDATE ON trigger_target.
  trigger_target ::= fullname.
  trigger_time ::= AFTER.
  trigger_time ::= BEFORE.
  trigger_time ::= INSTEAD OF.
  trigger_time ::=.
  foreach_clause ::= FOR EACH ROW.
  foreach_clause ::=.
  when_clause ::= WHEN expr.
  when_clause ::=.
}
syntaxreq {H43303} {} {} {
  When the TEMP keyword appears in a CREATE TRIGGER statement and the
  <i>databasename</i> of the <i>fullname</i> exists
  then the preparation of the statement
  shall fail with an error.
}
syntaxreq {H43306} {} {} {
  When the TEMP keyword appears in a CREATE TRIGGER statement 
  the target database of the trigger shall be "temp".
}
syntaxreq {H43309} {} {} {
  When the TEMP keyword is omitted in a CREATE TRIGGER statement and the
  <i>databasename</i> of the <i>fullname</i> is
  omitted then the target database of the trigger shall be "main".
}
syntaxreq {H43312} {} {} {
  When the <i>databasename</i> of <i>fullname</i> in a CREATE TRIGGER
  statement exists, then the target database shall be the database
  named by <i>databasename</i>.
}
syntaxreq {H43315} {} {} {
  If a CREATE TRIGGER does not specify a <i>trigger_time</i> then
  the <i>trigger_time</i> shall be BEFORE.
}
syntaxreq {H43318} {} {
  An INSTEAD OF trigger may be used only on views.  Other kinds of triggers
  may be used on tables only.
} {
  The preparation of a CREATE TRIGGER statement shall fail with an error
  the <i>trigger_time</i> is INSTEAD OF and <i>trigger_target</i> is not
  the name of view in the target database.
}
syntaxreq {H43321} {} {} {
  The preparation of a CREATE TRIGGER statement shall fail with an error
  the <i>trigger_time</i> is not INSTEAD OF and <i>trigger_target</i> is not
  the name of an ordinary table in the target database.
}
syntaxreq {H43324} {} {} {
  The preparation of a CREATE TRIGGER statement shall fail with an error
  if the <i>trigger_target</i> is a system table.
}

</tcl>


<h3>2.8 DROP TRIGGER</h3>

<tcl>
syntaxreq {H43500} {} {} {
  The SQLite parser shall accept DROP TRIGGER statements
  that conform to the following syntax:
} {
  cmd ::= DROP TRIGGER ifexists fullname.
}
syntaxreq {H43504} {} {} {
  The preparation of a DROP TRIGGER statement shall fail with an
  error if the statement lacks an IF EXISTS clause and the
  <i>fullname</i> does not reference a existing trigger.
}
syntaxreq {H43507} {} {} {
  The evaluation of a DROP TRIGGER statement shall be a silent no-op
  if the the statement has an IF EXISTS clause and the
  <i>fullname</i> does not reference a existing trigger.
}
syntaxreq {H43511} {} {} {
  The successful evaluation of a DROP TRIGGER statement shall cause
  the trigger identified by <i>fullname</i> to be removed from its
  database and discarded.
}
syntaxreq {H43514} {} {} {
  The successful evaluation of a DROP TRIGGER statement shall cause
  all triggers attached to the trigger identified by <i>fullname</i>
  to be removed from their database and discarded.
}
</tcl>

<h3>2.9 CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE</h3>

<tcl>
syntaxreq {H43600} {} {} {
  The SQLite parser shall accept CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE statements

<h4>3.1.1 INSERT VALUE</h4>
<tcl>
syntaxreq {H43810} {} {} {
  The SQLite parser shall accept INSERT VALUE statements that
  conform to the following syntax:
} {
  cmd ::= insert_cmd INTO fullname inscollist_opt VALUES LP exprlist RP.
  insert_cmd ::= INSERT.
  insert_cmd ::= REPLACE.
  insert_cmd ::= INSERT OR REPLACE.
  insert_cmd ::= INSERT OR IGNORE.
  insert_cmd ::= INSERT OR ABORT.
  insert_cmd ::= INSERT OR FAIL.
  insert_cmd ::= INSERT OR ROLLBACK.
  inscollist_opt ::= .
  inscollist_opt ::= LP inscollist RP.
  inscollist ::= columnname.
  inscollist ::= inscollist COMMA columnname.
}
</tcl>
<h4>3.1.3 INSERT DEFAULT</h4>
<tcl>
syntaxreq {H43820} {} {} {
  The SQLite parser shall accept INSERT DEFAULT statements that
  conform to the following syntax:
} {
  cmd ::= insert_cmd INTO fullname inscollist_opt DEFAULT VALUES.
}
</tcl>
<h4>3.1.3 INSERT SELECT</h4>
syntaxreq {H43830} {} {} {
  The SQLite parser shall accept INSERT SELECT statements that
  conform to the following syntax:
} {
  cmd ::= insert_cmd INTO fullname inscollist_opt select.
}
</tcl>
<h3>3.2 DELETE</h3>

<tcl>
syntaxreq {H43900} {} {} {
  The SQLite parser shall accept DELETE statements that
  conform to the following syntax:
} {
  cmd ::= DELETE FROM fullname where.
  where ::= .
  where ::= WHERE expr.
}
</tcl>

<h3>3.3 UPDATE</h3>

<tcl>
syntaxreq {H44100} {} {} {
  The SQLite parser shall accept UPDATE statements that
  conform to the following syntax:
} {
  cmd ::= update_cmd fullname SET setlist where.
  update_cmd ::= UPDATE.
  update_cmd ::= UPDATE OR IGNORE.
  update_cmd ::= UPDATE OR REPLACE.
  update_cmd ::= UPDATE OR ABORT.
  update_cmd ::= UPDATE OR FAIL.
  update_cmd ::= UPDATE OR ROLLBACK.
  setlist ::= setting.
  setlist ::= setlist COMMA setting.
  setting ::= columnname EQ expr.
}
</tcl>

<h3>3.4 SELECT</h3>

<tcl>
syntaxreq {H45000} {} {} {
  The SQLite parser shall accept SELECT statements that
  conform to the following syntax:
} {
  cmd ::= select.
  select ::= query.
  select ::= select UNION query.
  select ::= select UNION ALL query.
  select ::= select EXCEPT query.
  select ::= select INTERSECT query.
  query ::= SELECT distinct resultset from where groupby having orderby limit.
  distinct ::= .
  distinct ::= DISTINCT.
  groupby ::= .
  groupby ::= GROUP BY exprlist.
  having ::= .
  having ::= HAVING expr.
  orderby ::= .
  orderby ::= ORDER BY exprlist.
  limit ::=.
  limit ::= LIMIT expr.
  limit ::= LIMIT expr COMMA expr.
  limit ::= LIMIT expr OFFSET expr.
  resultset ::= result.
  resultset ::= resultset COMMA result.
  result ::= STAR.
  result ::= tablename DOT STAR.
  result ::= expr as.
  from ::= .
  from ::= FROM sourceset.
  sourceset ::= source.
  sourceset ::= sourceset joinop source.
  source ::= fullname as on using.
  source ::= LP select RP as on using.
  as ::= .
  as ::= AS name.
  as ::= identifier.
  on ::= .
  on ::= ON expr.
  using ::= .
  using ::= USING LP idlist RP.
  joinop ::= COMMA.
  joinop ::= JOIN.
  joinop ::= JOIN_KW JOIN.
  joinop ::= JOIN_KW JOIN_KW JOIN.
  joinop ::= JOIN_KW JOIN_KW JOIN_KW JOIN.
}
</tcl>

<h2>4.0 Other Language Elements</h2>

<h3>4.1 VACUUM</h3>

<tcl>
syntaxreq {H46000} {} {} {
  The SQLite parser shall accept PRAGMA statements
  that conform to the following syntax:
} {
  cmd ::= PRAGMA fullname EQ DELETE.
  cmd ::= PRAGMA fullname EQ ON.
  cmd ::= PRAGMA fullname EQ name.
  cmd ::= PRAGMA fullname EQ expr.
  cmd ::= PRAGMA fullname LP name RP.
  cmd ::= PRAGMA fullname LP expr RP.
  cmd ::= PRAGMA fullname.
}
</tcl>

<h3>4.5 ATTACH</h3>

<tcl>
syntaxreq {H44500} {} {} {
  The SQLite parser shall accept ATTACH statements
  that conform to the following syntax:
} {
  cmd ::= ATTACH database_kw expr AS expr key_opt.
  database_kw ::= .
  database_kw ::= DATABASE.
  key_opt ::= .
  key_opt ::= KEY expr.
}
</tcl>

<h3>4.6 DETACH</h3>

<tcl>
syntaxreq {H44600} {} {} {
  The SQLite parser shall accept DETACH statements
  that conform to the following syntax:
} {
  cmd ::= DETACH database_kw expr.
}
</tcl>

<h3>4.7 EXPLAIN</h3>

<tcl>
syntaxreq {H44700} {} {} {

  expr ::= JOIN_KW.
  expr ::= LP expr RP.
  expr ::= LP select RP.
  expr ::= MINUS expr.
  expr ::= NOT expr.
  expr ::= PLUS expr.
  expr ::= RAISE LP IGNORE RP.
  expr ::= RAISE LP ABORT COMMA name RP.
  expr ::= RAISE LP FAIL COMMA name RP.
  expr ::= RAISE LP ROLLBACK COMMA name RP.
  expr ::= REGISTER.
  expr ::= VARIABLE.
  expr ::= expr AND expr.
  expr ::= expr BITAND expr.
  expr ::= expr BITOR expr.
  expr ::= expr LSHIFT expr.
  expr ::= expr RSHIFT expr.
  expr ::= expr COLLATE ids.
  expr ::= expr CONCAT expr.
  expr ::= expr EQ expr.
  expr ::= expr NE expr.
  expr ::= expr IS NOT NULL.
  expr ::= expr IS NULL.
  expr ::= expr ISNULL
  expr ::= expr NOTNULL.
  expr ::= expr LT expr.
  expr ::= expr GT expr.
  expr ::= expr GE expr.
  expr ::= expr LE expr.
  expr ::= expr NOT NULL.
  expr ::= expr OR expr.
  expr ::= expr PLUS expr.

  expr ::= expr NOT IN LP exprlist RP.
  expr ::= expr NOT IN LP select RP.
  expr ::= expr NOT IN fullname.
  expr ::= expr LIKE_KW expr escape.
  expr ::= expr MATCH expr escape.
  expr ::= expr NOT LIKE_KW expr escape.
  expr ::= expr NOT MATCH expr escape.
  expr ::= databasename DOT tablename DOT columnname.
  expr ::= tablename DOT columnname.
  expr ::= term.
  term ::= CTIME_KW.
  term ::= INTEGER.
  term ::= FLOAT
  term ::= BLOB.
  term ::= NULL.
  term ::= STRING.
  exprlist ::= expr.
  exprlist ::= exprlist COMMA expr.
  case_else ::= ELSE expr.
  case_else ::= .
  case_exprlist ::= WHEN expr THEN expr.
  case_exprlist ::= case_exprlist WHEN expr THEN expr.
  case_operand ::= expr.
  case_operand ::= .
  function_name ::= ID.
  escape ::= .
  escape ::= ESCAPE expr.
}
</tcl>

<h3>5.2 Functions</h3>
<h4>5.2.1 Core Scalar Functions</h4>
<h4>5.2.2 Date and Time Functions</h4>
<h4>5.2.3 Aggregate Functions</h4>