Documentation Source Text

<li> <a href="features.html">Features</a> </li>
<li> <a href="faq.html">Frequently Asked Questions</a> </li>
<li> <a href="famous.html">Well-known Users</a> </li>
<li> <a href="books.html">Books About SQLite</a> </li>
<li> <a href="quickstart.html">Getting Started</a> </li>
<li> <a href="lang.html">SQL Syntax</a>
<ul>
<li> <a href="pragma.html">Pragmas</a>
<li> <a href="lang_corefunc.html">SQL functions</a>
<li> <a href="lang_datefunc.html">Date &amp; time functions</a>
<li> <a href="lang_aggfunc.html">Aggregate functions</a>
</ul>
</li>
<li> <a href="c3ref/intro.html">C/C++ Interface Spec</a>
<ul>

<li> <a href="features.html">Features</a> </li>
<li> <a href="faq.html">Frequently Asked Questions</a> </li>
<li> <a href="famous.html">Well-known Users</a> </li>
<li> <a href="books.html">Books About SQLite</a> </li>
<li> <a href="quickstart.html">Getting Started</a> </li>
<li> <a href="lang.html">SQL Syntax</a>
<ul>
<li> <a href="pragma.html#toc">Pragmas</a>
<li> <a href="lang_corefunc.html">SQL functions</a>
<li> <a href="lang_datefunc.html">Date &amp; time functions</a>
<li> <a href="lang_aggfunc.html">Aggregate functions</a>
</ul>
</li>
<li> <a href="c3ref/intro.html">C/C++ Interface Spec</a>
<ul>

<title>Books About SQLite</title>
<tcl>hd_keywords {books about SQLite}</tcl>

<h1 align=center>Books About SQLite</h1>





























<hr>
<table border=0>
<tr><td valign=top><img src="images/books/symbiansql.jpg"><td valign=top>
<h2>Inside Symbian SQL (2010)</h2>

<p>Authors: Ivan Litovski &amp; Richard Maynard<br>
Publisher: Wiley<br>
................................................................................
<p>This text is written in fluent Japanese specifically for a Japanese
audience.  This is the second edition of the book - the first edition
was published in 2005.  
</p>
</table>

<hr>
<table border=0><tr><td valign=top><img src="images/books/haldar.gif">
<td valign=top>
<h2>Inside SQLite (2007)</h2>

<p>
Author: Sibsankar Haldar<br>
Publisher: O'Reilly Media<br>
<a href="http://oreilly.com/catalog/9780596550066">O'Reilly</a></p>

<title>Books About SQLite</title>
<tcl>hd_keywords {books about SQLite}</tcl>

<h1 align=center>Books About SQLite</h1>

<hr>
<table border=0><tr><td valign=top><p><img src="images/books/kreibich.gif">
<td valign=top>
<h2>Using SQLite (2010)</h2>

<p>
Author: Jay A. Kreibich<br>
Publisher: O'Reilly Media<br>
<a href="http://oreilly.com/catalog/9780596521196/">O'Reilly</a></p>

<p>Developers, take note: databases aren't just for the IS group any more.
You can build database-backed applications for the desktop, Web,
embedded systems, or operating systems without linking to heavy-duty
client-server databases such as Oracle and MySQL. 
This book shows how you to use SQLite, a small and lightweight 
database that you can build right into your application during development.
Applications that handle data have an enormous advantage today, and
with SQLite, you'll discover how to develop a database-backed application
that remains manageable in size and complexity. This book guides
you every step of the way. You'll get a crash course in data modeling, 
become familiar with SQLite's dialect of the SQL database language, 
and learn how you to work with SQLite using either a scripting 
language or a C-based language, such as C# or Objective C.Now, 
even relatively small and nimble applications can be a part of 
the data revolution. Using SQLite shows you how.
</p>
</table>

<hr>
<table border=0>
<tr><td valign=top><img src="images/books/symbiansql.jpg"><td valign=top>
<h2>Inside Symbian SQL (2010)</h2>

<p>Authors: Ivan Litovski &amp; Richard Maynard<br>
Publisher: Wiley<br>
................................................................................
<p>This text is written in fluent Japanese specifically for a Japanese
audience.  This is the second edition of the book - the first edition
was published in 2005.  
</p>
</table>

<hr>
<table border=0><tr><td valign=top><p><img src="images/books/haldar.gif">
<td valign=top>
<h2>Inside SQLite (2007)</h2>

<p>
Author: Sibsankar Haldar<br>
Publisher: O'Reilly Media<br>
<a href="http://oreilly.com/catalog/9780596550066">O'Reilly</a></p>

<p><ul>
<li> <a href="features.html">Features</a> </li>
<li> <a href="faq.html">Frequently Asked Questions</a> </li>
<li> <a href="famous.html">Well-known Users</a> </li>
<li> <a href="quickstart.html">Getting Started</a> </li>
<li> <a href="lang.html">SQL Syntax</a>
<ul>
<li> <a href="pragma.html">Pragmas</a>
<li> <a href="lang_corefunc.html">SQL functions</a>
<li> <a href="lang_datefunc.html">Date &amp; time functions</a>
<li> <a href="lang_aggfunc.html">Aggregate functions</a>
</ul>
</li>
<li> <a href="c3ref/intro.html">C/C++ Interface Spec</a>
<ul>

<p><ul>
<li> <a href="features.html">Features</a> </li>
<li> <a href="faq.html">Frequently Asked Questions</a> </li>
<li> <a href="famous.html">Well-known Users</a> </li>
<li> <a href="quickstart.html">Getting Started</a> </li>
<li> <a href="lang.html">SQL Syntax</a>
<ul>
<li> <a href="pragma.html#toc">Pragmas</a>
<li> <a href="lang_corefunc.html">SQL functions</a>
<li> <a href="lang_datefunc.html">Date &amp; time functions</a>
<li> <a href="lang_aggfunc.html">Aggregate functions</a>
</ul>
</li>
<li> <a href="c3ref/intro.html">C/C++ Interface Spec</a>
<ul>

<title>Pragma statements supported by SQLite</title>


<tcl>
proc Section {name {label {}} {keywords {}}} {
  hd_puts "\n<hr />"
  if {$label!=""} {
    hd_fragment $label
    if {$keywords!=""} {
      eval hd_keywords $keywords
    }
  }
  hd_puts "<h1>$name</h1>\n"
}
proc Subsection {args} {
  set f [lindex $args 0]

  hd_fragment pragma_$f





  foreach x $args {
    hd_keywords *$x "PRAGMA $x" "$x pragma"

  }
}






</tcl>

<p>The PRAGMA statement is a SQL extension specific to SQLite and used to 
modify the operation of the SQLite library or to query the SQLite library for 
internal (non-table) data. The PRAGMA statement is issued using the same
interface as other SQLite commands (e.g. [SELECT], [INSERT]) but is
different in the following important respects:
................................................................................
    SQL statements.  Whether or not the pragma runs during sqlite3_prepare()
    or sqlite3_step() depends on the pragma and on the specific release
    of SQLite.
<li>The pragma command is specific to SQLite and is very unlikely 
    to be compatible with any other SQL database engine.
</ul>

<p>The available pragmas fall into four basic categories:</p>
<ul>
<li>Pragmas used to <a href="#modify">modify the operation</a> of the 
    SQLite library in some manner, or to query for the current mode of 
    operation.
<li>Pragmas used to <a href="#schema">query the schema</a> of the current 
    database.
<li>Pragmas used to <a href="#version">query or modify the two 
    version counters stored in the database:</a>
    the schema-version and the user-version.
<li>Pragmas used to <a href="#debug">debug the library</a> and verify that
    database files are not corrupted.
</ul>

<tcl>
Section {PRAGMA command syntax} syntax {PRAGMA}

BubbleDiagram pragma-stmt
BubbleDiagram pragma-value
</tcl>

................................................................................

<p>^A pragma may have an optional database name before the pragma name.
^The database name is the name of an [ATTACH]-ed database or it can be
"main" or "temp" for the main and the TEMP databases.  ^If the optional
database name is omitted, "main" is assumed.  ^In some pragmas, the database
name is meaningless and is simply ignored.</p>

<tcl>Section {Pragmas to modify library operation} modify</tcl>
</tcl>

<ul>
<tcl>Subsection automatic_index</tcl>
<li><p>^(<b>PRAGMA automatic_index;
       <br>PRAGMA automatic_index = </b><i>boolean</i><b>;</b></p>
    <p>Query, set, or clear the [automatic indexing] capability.)^


    <p>^[Automatic indexing] is enabled by default.
     ^This pragma only influences the query plan as statements are
     prepared or reprepared.  Existing prepared statements must be
     reprepared for a change in the automatic_index setting to affect
     their operation.
</li>


<tcl>Subsection auto_vacuum</tcl>
<li><p><b>PRAGMA auto_vacuum;<br>
          PRAGMA auto_vacuum = </b>
           <i>0 | NONE | 1 | FULL | 2 | INCREMENTAL</i><b>;</b></p>

    <p>Query or set the auto-vacuum status in the database.</p>

    <p>^The default setting for auto-vacuum is 0 or "none",
    unless the [SQLITE_DEFAULT_AUTOVACUUM] compile-time option is used.
................................................................................
    reorganize the entire database file.  ^To change from "full" or
    "incremental" back to "none" always requires running [VACUUM] even
    on an empty database.
    </p>

    <p>^When the auto_vacuum pragma is invoked with no arguments, it
    returns the current auto_vacuum mode.</p>
    </li>


<tcl>Subsection cache_size</tcl>
<li><p>^(<b>PRAGMA cache_size;
       <br>PRAGMA cache_size = </b><i>Number-of-pages</i><b>;</b></p>
    <p>Query or change the suggested maximum number of database disk pages
    that SQLite will hold in memory at once per open database file.)^  ^Whether
    or not this suggestion is honored is at the discretion of the
    [sqlite3_pcache_methods | Application Defined Page Cache].   ^In the
    default page cache implemention, the suggested cache size is honored
    as long as it is 10 or greater.  ^A suggested cache size of less
................................................................................
    or to ignore it all together.
    ^The default suggested cache size is 2000.</p>

    <p>^When you change the cache size using the cache_size pragma, the
    change only endures for the current session.  ^The cache size reverts
    to the default value when the database is closed and reopened.  Use
    the [default_cache_size]
    pragma to check the cache size permanently.</p></li>


<tcl>Subsection case_sensitive_like</tcl>
<li><p>^(<b>PRAGMA case_sensitive_like = </b><i>boolean</i><b>;</b>)^</p>
    <p>^The default behavior of the [LIKE] operator is to ignore case
    for ASCII characters. ^Hence, by default <b>'a' LIKE 'A'</b> is
    true.  ^The case_sensitive_like pragma installs a new application-defined
    LIKE function that can change
    this behavior.  ^When case_sensitive_like is enabled,
    <b>'a' LIKE 'A'</b> is false but <b>'a' LIKE 'a'</b> is still true.</p>

    <p>^This pragma only works if the [like | built-in like() SQL function]
    has not been overloaded using [sqlite3_create_function()].</p>
    </li>


<tcl>Subsection count_changes</tcl>
<li><p>^(<b>PRAGMA count_changes;
       <br>PRAGMA count_changes = </b>boolean</i><b>;</b></p>
    <p>Query or change the count-changes flag.)^ ^Normally, when the
    count-changes flag is not set, [INSERT], [UPDATE] and [DELETE] statements
    return no data. ^When count-changes is set, each of these commands 
    returns a single row of data consisting of one integer value - the
    number of rows inserted, modified or deleted by the command. ^The 
    returned change count does not include any insertions, modifications
................................................................................

    <p>Another way to get the row change counts is to use the
    [sqlite3_changes()] or [sqlite3_total_changes()] interfaces.
    There is a subtle different, though.  ^When an INSERT, UPDATE, or
    DELETE is run against a view using an [INSTEAD OF trigger],
    the count_changes pragma reports the number of rows in the view
    that fired the trigger, whereas [sqlite3_changes()] and
    [sqlite3_total_changes()] do not.</p>


<tcl>Subsection default_cache_size</tcl>
<li><p>^(<b>PRAGMA default_cache_size;
       <br>PRAGMA default_cache_size = </b><i>Number-of-pages</i><b>;</b></p>
    <p>This pragma queries or sets the suggested maximum number of pages
    of disk cache that will be allocated per open database file.)^
    ^The difference between this pragma and [cache_size] is that the
    value set here persists across database connections.
    </p></li>


<tcl>Subsection empty_result_callbacks</tcl>
<li><p><b>PRAGMA empty_result_callbacks;
       <br>PRAGMA empty_result_callbacks = </b><i>boolean</i><b>;</b></p>

    <p>Query or change the empty-result-callbacks flag.</p>

    <p>The empty-result-callbacks flag affects the [sqlite3_exec()] API only.
    Normally, when the empty-result-callbacks flag is cleared, the
    callback function supplied to the [sqlite3_exec()] is not invoked
................................................................................
    with the third parameter set to 0 (NULL). This is to enable programs  
    that use the [sqlite3_exec()] API to retrieve column-names even when
    a query returns no data.</p>

    <p>This pragma is legacy.  It was created long ago in the early
    days of SQLite before the prepared statement interface was available.
    Do not use this pragma.  It is likely to go away in a future release</p>
   
    

<tcl>Subsection encoding</tcl>
<li><p>^(<b>PRAGMA encoding;
       <br>PRAGMA encoding = "UTF-8";
       <br>PRAGMA encoding = "UTF-16";
       <br>PRAGMA encoding = "UTF-16le";
       <br>PRAGMA encoding = "UTF-16be";</b>)^</p>
    <p>^In first form, if the main database has already been
    created, then this pragma returns the text encoding used by the
    main database, one of "UTF-8", "UTF-16le" (little-endian UTF-16
................................................................................
    and subsequent forms are used after the database file has already
    been created, they have no effect and are silently ignored.</p>

    <p>^Once an encoding has been set for a database, it cannot be changed.</p>

    <p>^Databases created by the [ATTACH] command always use the same encoding
    as the main database.</p>
</li>


<tcl>Subsection foreign_keys</tcl>
<li><p>^(<b>PRAGMA foreign_keys;
       <br>PRAGMA foreign_keys = </b><i>boolean</i><b>;</b></p>
    <p>Query, set, or clear the enforcement of [foreign key constraints].)^

    <p>^This pragma is a no-op within a transaction; foreign key constraint
       enforcement may only be enabled or disabled when there is no pending
       [BEGIN] or [SAVEPOINT].

................................................................................
       after the foreign_keys setting is changed.

    <p>^(As of SQLite [version 3.6.19], the default setting for foreign
       key enforcement is OFF.)^  However, that might change in a future
       release of SQLite.  To minimize future problems, applications should
       set the foreign key enforcement flag as required by the application
       and not depend on the default setting.
</li>



<tcl>Subsection full_column_names</tcl>
<li><p>^(<b>PRAGMA full_column_names;
       <br>PRAGMA full_column_names = </b><i>boolean</i><b>;</b></p>
    <p>Query or change the full_column_names flag.)^ ^This flag together 
    with the [short_column_names] flag determine
    the way SQLite assigns names to result columns of [SELECT] statements.
    ^(Result columns are named by applying the following rules in order:
    <ol>
    <li><p>If there is an AS clause on the result, then the name of
................................................................................
        source table name prefix:  COLUMN.</p></li>
    <li><p>If both pragmas [short_column_names] and [full_column_names]
        are OFF then case (2) applies.
        </p></li>
    <li><p>The name of the result column is a combination of the source table
        and source column name:  TABLE.COLUMN</p></li>
    </ol>)^
</li>


<tcl>Subsection fullfsync</tcl>
<li><p>^(<b>PRAGMA fullfsync
       <br>PRAGMA fullfsync = </b><i>boolean</i><b>;</b></p>
    <p>Query or change the fullfsync flag.)^ ^This flag affects
    determines whether or not the F_FULLFSYNC syncing method is used
    on systems that support it.  ^The default value of the fullfsync flag
    is off.  Only Mac OS X supports F_FULLFSYNC.
    </p>
</li>


<tcl>Subsection incremental_vacuum</tcl>
<li><p><b>PRAGMA incremental_vacuum</b><i>(N)</i><b>;</b></p>
    <p>^The incremental_vacuum pragma causes up to <i>N</i> pages to
    be removed from the freelist.  ^The database file is truncated by
    the same amount.  ^The incremental_vacuum pragma has no effect if
    the database is not in
    <a href="#pragma_auto_vacuum">auto_vacuum==incremental</a> mode
    or if there are no pages on the freelist.  ^If there are fewer than
    <i>N</i> pages on the freelist, or if <i>N</i> is less than 1, or
................................................................................
    future changes include enhancing incremental vacuum to do
    defragmentation and node repacking just as the full-blown
    [VACUUM] command does.  And
    incremental vacuum may be promoted from a pragma to a separate
    SQL command, or perhaps some variation on the [VACUUM] command.
    Programmers are cautioned to not become enamored with the
    current syntax or functionality as it is likely to change.</p>
</li>


<tcl>Subsection journal_mode</tcl>
<li><p>^(<b>PRAGMA journal_mode;
       <br>PRAGMA </b><i>database</i><b>.journal_mode;
       <br>PRAGMA journal_mode
              = <i>DELETE | TRUNCATE | PERSIST | MEMORY | WAL | OFF</i>
       <br>PRAGMA </b><i>database</i><b>.journal_mode
              = <i>DELETE | TRUNCATE | PERSIST | MEMORY | WAL | OFF</i></b></p>

    <p>This pragma queries or sets the journal mode for databases
................................................................................
    set, then the database file will very likely go corrupt.</p>

    <p>^Note that the journal_mode for an [in-memory database]
    is either MEMORY or OFF and can not be changed to a different value.
    ^An attempt to change the journal_mode of an [in-memory database] to
    any setting other than MEMORY or OFF is ignored.  ^Note also that
    the journal_mode cannot be changed while a transaction is active.</p>
</li>


<tcl>Subsection journal_size_limit</tcl>
<li><p><b>
    PRAGMA journal_size_limit<br>
    PRAGMA journal_size_limit = </b><i>N</i> <b>;</b>

  <p>^If a database connection is operating in either "exclusive mode"
  (PRAGMA locking_mode=exclusive) or "persistent journal mode"
  (PRAGMA journal_mode=persist) then under certain circumstances
  after committing a transaction the journal file may remain in
................................................................................
  [SQLITE_DEFAULT_JOURNAL_SIZE_LIMIT] at compile time.</p>

  <p>^This pragma only operates on the single database specified prior
  to the pragma name (or on the "main" database if no database is specified.)
  There is no way to operate on all attached databases using a single
  PRAGMA statement, nor is there a way to set the limit to use for databases
  that will be attached in the future.
</li>



<tcl>Subsection legacy_file_format</tcl>
<li><p>^(<b>PRAGMA legacy_file_format;
       <br>PRAGMA legacy_file_format = <i>boolean</i></b></p>
    <p>This pragma sets or queries the value of the legacy_file_format
    flag.)^  ^When this flag is on, new SQLite databases are created in
    a file format that is readable and writable by all versions of
    SQLite going back to 3.0.0.  ^When the flag is off, new databases
    are created using the latest file format which might not be
    readable or writable by versions of SQLite prior to 3.3.0.</p>
................................................................................
    will be used by any newly created databases.</p>

    <p>^(This flag only affects newly created databases.  It has no
    effect on databases that already exist.)^</p>

    <p>^The default file format is set by the
    [SQLITE_DEFAULT_FILE_FORMAT] compile-time option.</p>
</li>


<tcl>Subsection locking_mode</tcl>
<li><p>^(<b>PRAGMA locking_mode;
       <br>PRAGMA locking_mode = <i>NORMAL | EXCLUSIVE</i></b>)^</p>
    <p>^This pragma sets or queries the database connection locking-mode. 
    ^The locking-mode is either NORMAL or EXCLUSIVE.

    <p>^In NORMAL locking-mode (the default), a database connection
    unlocks the database file at the conclusion of each read or
    write transaction. ^When the locking-mode is set to EXCLUSIVE, the
................................................................................

   <p>^The "temp" database (in which TEMP tables and indices are stored)
   and [in-memory databases]
   always uses exclusive locking mode.  ^The locking mode of temp and
   [in-memory databases] cannot
   be changed.  ^All other databases use the normal locking mode by default
   and are affected by this pragma.</p>
</li>


<tcl>Subsection page_size</tcl>
<li><p>^(<b>PRAGMA page_size;
       <br>PRAGMA page_size = </b><i>bytes</i><b>;</b></p>
    <p>Query or set the page size of the database.)^ ^The page size
    may only be set if the database has not yet been created. ^The page
    size must be a power of two greater than or equal to 512 and less
    than or equal to [SQLITE_MAX_PAGE_SIZE].
    The maximum value for [SQLITE_MAX_PAGE_SIZE] is 32768.
    </p>
................................................................................
    running on workstations is for atomic write to be
    disabled, for the maximum page size to be set to 32768, for
    SQLITE_DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE to be 1024, and for the
    maximum default page size to be set to 8192.  ^(The default xSectorSize
    method on workstation implementations always reports a sector size
    of 512 bytes.  Hence, 
    the default page size chosen by SQLite is usually 1024 bytes.)^</p>
</li>


<tcl>Subsection max_page_count</tcl>
<li><p>^(<b>PRAGMA max_page_count;
       <br>PRAGMA max_page_count = </b><i>N</i><b>;</b></p>
    <p>Query or set the maximum number of pages in the database file.)^
    ^Both forms of the pragma return the maximum page count.  ^The second
    form attempts to modify the maximum page count.  ^The maximum page
    count cannot be reduced below the current database size.
    </p>
</li>


<tcl>Subsection read_uncommitted</tcl>
<li><p>^(<b>PRAGMA read_uncommitted;
       <br>PRAGMA read_uncommitted = </b><i>boolean</i><b>;</b></p>
    <p>Query, set, or clear READ UNCOMMITTED isolation.)^ ^The default isolation
    level for SQLite is SERIALIZABLE.  ^Any process or thread can select
    READ UNCOMMITTED isolation, but SERIALIZABLE will still be used except
    between connections that share a common page and schema cache.
    Cache sharing is enabled using the [sqlite3_enable_shared_cache()] API.
    Cache sharing is disabled by default.
    </p>

    <p>See [SQLite Shared-Cache Mode] for additional information.</p>
</li>


<tcl>Subsection recursive_triggers</tcl>
<li><p>^(<b>PRAGMA recursive_triggers;
       <br>PRAGMA recursive_triggers = </b><i>boolean</i><b>;</b></p>
    <p>Query, set, or clear the recursive trigger capability.)^

    <p>^Changing the recursive_triggers setting affects the execution of
       all statements prepared
       using the database connection, including those prepared before the
       setting was changed. ^Any existing statements prepared using the legacy 
................................................................................
    but was initially turned OFF by default, for compatibility.  Recursive
    triggers may be turned on by default in future versions of SQLite.
    </p>

    <p>^(The depth of recursion for triggers has a hard upper limit set by
    the [SQLITE_MAX_TRIGGER_DEPTH] compile-time option and a run-time
    limit set by [sqlite3_limit](db,[SQLITE_LIMIT_TRIGGER_DEPTH],...).)^</p>
</li>


<tcl>Subsection reverse_unordered_selects</tcl>
<li><p>^(<b>PRAGMA reverse_unordered_selects;
       <br>PRAGMA reverse_unordered_selects = </b><i>boolean</i><b>;</b>)^</p>
    <p>^When enabled, this PRAGMA causes [SELECT] statements without a
    an ORDER BY clause to emit their results in the reverse order of what
    they normally would.  This can help debug applications that are
    making invalid assumptions about the result order.<p>SQLite makes no
    guarantees about the order of results if a SELECT omits the ORDER BY
    clause.  Even so, the order of results does not change from one
................................................................................
    to shift.  When that happens, applications that depend on a certain
    output order might malfunction.  By running the application multiple
    times with this pragma both disabled and enabled, cases where the
    application makes faulty assumptions about output order can be
    identified and fixed early, reducing problems
    that might be caused by linking against a different version of SQLite.
    </p>
</li>


<tcl>Subsection secure_delete</tcl>
<li><p>^(<b>PRAGMA secure_delete;
       <br>PRAGMA </b><i>database</i><b>.secure_delete;
       <br>PRAGMA secure_delete = </b><i>boolean</i><b>
       <br>PRAGMA </b><i>database</i><b>.secure_delete =
               </b><i>boolean</i></p>
    <p>Query or change the secure-delete setting.)^ ^When secure-delete
    on, SQLite overwrites deleted content with zeros.  ^The default
    setting is determined by the [SQLITE_SECURE_DELETE]
................................................................................
    of the main database at the time the ATTACH command is evaluated.

    <p>
    ^When multiple database connections share the same cache, changing
    the secure-delete flag on one database connection changes it for them
    all.
    </p>
</li>


<tcl>Subsection short_column_names</tcl>
<li><p>^(<b>PRAGMA short_column_names;
       <br>PRAGMA short_column_names = </b><i>boolean</i><b>;</b></p>
    <p>Query or change the short-column-names flag.)^ ^This flag affects
    the way SQLite names columns of data returned by [SELECT] statements.
    See the [full_column_names] pragma for full details.
    </p>
</li>


<tcl>Subsection synchronous</tcl>
<li><p>^(<b>PRAGMA synchronous;
       <br>PRAGMA synchronous = </b>
          <i>0 | OFF | 1 | NORMAL | 2 | FULL</i><b>;</b></p>

    <p>Query or change the setting of the "synchronous" flag.)^
    ^The first (query) form will return the synchronous setting as an 
    integer.  ^When synchronous is FULL (2), the SQLite database engine will
    pause at critical moments to make sure that data has actually been 
................................................................................
    the database might become corrupted if the operating system
    crashes or the computer loses power before that data has been written
    to the disk surface.  On the other hand, some
    operations are as much as 50 or more times faster with synchronous OFF.
    </p>
    <p>^The default setting is synchronous=FULL.
    </p>
</li>


<tcl>Subsection temp_store</tcl>
<li><p>^(<b>PRAGMA temp_store;
       <br>PRAGMA temp_store = </b>
            <i>0 | DEFAULT | 1 | FILE | 2 | MEMORY</i><b>;</b></p>

    <p>Query or change the setting of the "<b>temp_store</b>" parameter.)^
    ^When temp_store is DEFAULT (0), the compile-time C preprocessor macro
    [SQLITE_TEMP_STORE] is used to determine where temporary tables and indices
    are stored.  ^When
................................................................................
        <td align="center">2</td>
        <td align="center">memory</td></tr>
    <tr><td align="center">3</td>
        <td align="center"><em>any</em></td>
        <td align="center">memory</td></tr>
    </table>
    </blockquote>)^
    </li>
    <br>


<tcl>Subsection temp_store_directory</tcl>
<li><p>^(<b>PRAGMA temp_store_directory;
       <br>PRAGMA temp_store_directory = '</b><i>directory-name</i><b>';</b></p>
    <p>Query or change the setting of the "temp_store_directory" - the
    directory where files used for storing [temporary tables] and indices
    are kept.</p>)^

    <p>^When the temp_store_directory setting is changed, all existing temporary
    tables, indices, triggers, and viewers are immediately deleted.  In
................................................................................
    error is raised if <i>directory-name</i> is not found or is not
    writable. </p>

    <p>The default directory for temporary files depends on the OS.  Some
    OS interfaces may choose to ignore this variable in place temporary
    files in some other directory different from the directory specified
    here.  In that sense, this pragma is only advisory.</p>
    </li>
</ul>

<tcl>Section {Pragmas to query the database schema} schema</tcl>

<ul>
<tcl>Subsection collation_list</tcl>
<li><p>^(<b>PRAGMA collation_list;</b></p>
    <p>Return a list of the collating sequences defined for the current
    database connection.</p>)^</li>


<tcl>Subsection database_list</tcl>
<li><p>^(<b>PRAGMA database_list;</b></p>
    <p>This pragma works like a query to return one row for each database
    attached to the current database connection.)^
    ^(Columns of the result set include the index and 
    the name the database was attached with.)^  ^The first row will be for 
    the main database.  ^The second row will be for the database used to 
    store temporary tables.</p></li>


<tcl>Subsection foreign_key_list</tcl>
<li><p>^(<b>PRAGMA foreign_key_list(</b><i>table-name</i><b>);</b></p>
    <p>This pragma returns one rwo for each foreign key that references
    a column in the argument table.)^</li>


<tcl>Subsection freelist_count</tcl>
<li><p>^(<b>PRAGMA freelist_count;</b></p>
    <p>Return the number of unused pages in the database file.)^ ^Running
    a <a href="#pragma_incremental_vacuum">"PRAGMA incremental_vaccum(N);"</a> 
    command with a large value of N will shrink the database file by this
    number of pages when incremental vacuum is enabled. </p></li>


<tcl>Subsection index_info</tcl>
<li><p>^(<b>PRAGMA index_info(</b><i>index-name</i><b>);</b></p>
    <p>This program returns one row row each column in the named index.</p>)^


<tcl>Subsection index_list</tcl>
<li><p>^(<b>PRAGMA index_list(</b><i>table-name</i><b>);</b></p>
    <p>This pragma returns one row for each index associated with the
    given table.)^   ^Columns of the result set include the
    index name and a flag to indicate whether or not the index is UNIQUE.
    </p></li>


<tcl>Subsection page_count</tcl>
<li><p>^(<b>PRAGMA page_count;</b></p>
    <p>Return the total number of pages in the database file.</p>)^</li>


<tcl>Subsection table_info</tcl>
<li><p>^(<b>PRAGMA table_info(</b><i>table-name</i><b>);</b></p>
    <p>This pragma returns one row for each column in the named table.)^
    ^Columns in the result set include the column name,
    data type, whether or not the column can be NULL, and the default
    value for the column.</p></li>
</ul>

<tcl>Section {Pragmas to query/modify version values} version</tcl>

<ul>
<tcl>Subsection schema_version user_version</tcl>
<li><p><b>PRAGMA schema_version; 
       <br>PRAGMA schema_version = </b><i>integer </i><b>;
       <br>PRAGMA user_version;
       <br>PRAGMA user_version = </b><i>integer </i><b>;</b>

  
<p>    ^The pragmas schema_version and user_version are used to set or get
       the value of the schema-version and user-version, respectively. ^Both
................................................................................
       the schema of the database against which the compiled query is actually 
       executed.  ^Subverting this mechanism by using "PRAGMA schema_version" 
       to modify the schema-version is potentially dangerous and may lead 
       to program crashes or database corruption. Use with caution!</p>
  
<p>    ^The user-version is not used internally by SQLite. It may be used by
       applications for any purpose.</p>
</li>
</ul>

<tcl>Section {Pragmas to debug the library} debug</tcl>

<ul>
<tcl>Subsection compile_options</tcl>
<li><p><b>PRAGMA compile_options;</b></p>
    <p>^This pragma returns the names of [compile-time options] used when
    building SQLite, one option per row.  ^The "SQLITE_" prefix is omitted
    from the returned option names.  See also the
    [sqlite3_compileoption_get()] C/C++ interface and the
    [sqlite_compileoption_get()] SQL functions.</p></li>


<tcl>Subsection integrity_check</tcl>
<li><p><b>PRAGMA integrity_check;
    <br>PRAGMA integrity_check(</b><i>integer</i><b>)</b></p>
    <p>^This pragma does an integrity check of the entire database.  ^It
    looks for out-of-order records, missing pages, malformed records, and
    corrupt indices.
    ^If any problems are found, then strings are returned (as multiple
    rows with a single column per row) which describe
    the problems.  ^At most <i>integer</i> errors will be reported
    before the analysis quits.  ^The default value for <i>integer</i>
    is 100.  ^If no errors are found, a single row with the value "ok" is
    returned.</p></li>


<tcl>Subsection quick_check</tcl>
<li><p><b>PRAGMA quick_check;
    <br>PRAGMA quick_check(</b><i>integer</i><b>)</b></p>
    <p>^The pragma is like [integrity_check] except that it does not verify
    that index content matches table content.  By skipping the verification
    of index content, quick_check is able to run much faster than
    integrity_check.  Otherwise the two pragmas are the same.
    </p></li>


<tcl>Subsection parser_trace</tcl>
<li><p><b>PRAGMA parser_trace = </b><i>boolean</i><b>; </b></p>

    <p>^Turn tracing of the SQL parser inside of the
    SQLite library on and off.  This is used for debugging.
    This only works if the library is compiled with the SQLITE_DEBUG
    compile-time option.
    </p></li>






<tcl>Subsection vdbe_trace</tcl>
<li><p><b>PRAGMA vdbe_trace = </b><i>boolean</i><b>;</b></p>

    <p>^Turn tracing of the virtual database engine inside of the
    SQLite library on and off.  This is used for debugging.  See the 
    <a href="vdbe.html#trace">VDBE documentation</a> for more 
    information.</p></li>






<tcl>Subsection vdbe_listing</tcl>
<li><p><b>PRAGMA vdbe_listing = </b><i>boolean</i><b>;</b></p>

    <p>^Turn listings of virtual machine programs on and off.
    With listing is on, the entire content of a program is printed
    just prior to beginning execution.  The statement
    executes normally after the listing is printed.
    This is used for debugging.  See the 
    <a href="vdbe.html#trace">VDBE documentation</a> for more 
    information.</p></li>





































</ul>

<title>Pragma statements supported by SQLite</title>
<h1 align="center">PRAGMA Statements</h1>

<tcl>
proc Section {name {label {}} {keywords {}}} {
  hd_puts "\n<hr />"
  if {$label!=""} {
    hd_fragment $label
    if {$keywords!=""} {
      eval hd_keywords $keywords
    }
  }
  hd_puts "<h2>$name</h2>\n"
}
unset -nocomplain PragmaBody PragmaRef PragmaDud PragmaKeys


# Each pragma is recorded by invoking this procedure.
proc Pragma {namelist content} {
  global PragmaBody PragmaRef PragmaKeys
  set main_name [lindex $namelist 0]
  set PragmaBody($main_name) $content
  set PragmaKeys($main_name) $namelist
  foreach x $namelist {

    set PragmaRef($x) $main_name
  }
}
# Legacy pragma
proc LegacyPragma {namelist content} {
  Pragma $namelist $content
  global PragmaLegacy
  foreach x $namelist {set PragmaLegacy($x) 1}
}
</tcl>

<p>The PRAGMA statement is a SQL extension specific to SQLite and used to 
modify the operation of the SQLite library or to query the SQLite library for 
internal (non-table) data. The PRAGMA statement is issued using the same
interface as other SQLite commands (e.g. [SELECT], [INSERT]) but is
different in the following important respects:
................................................................................
    SQL statements.  Whether or not the pragma runs during sqlite3_prepare()
    or sqlite3_step() depends on the pragma and on the specific release
    of SQLite.
<li>The pragma command is specific to SQLite and is very unlikely 
    to be compatible with any other SQL database engine.
</ul>















<tcl>
Section {PRAGMA command syntax} syntax {PRAGMA}

BubbleDiagram pragma-stmt
BubbleDiagram pragma-value
</tcl>

................................................................................

<p>^A pragma may have an optional database name before the pragma name.
^The database name is the name of an [ATTACH]-ed database or it can be
"main" or "temp" for the main and the TEMP databases.  ^If the optional
database name is omitted, "main" is assumed.  ^In some pragmas, the database
name is meaningless and is simply ignored.</p>





<tcl>Pragma {automatic_index} {
    <p>^(<b>PRAGMA automatic_index;
     <br>PRAGMA automatic_index = </b><i>boolean</i><b>;</b></p>


    <p>Query, set, or clear the [automatic indexing] capability.)^
    <p>^[Automatic indexing] is enabled by default.
     ^This pragma only influences the query plan as statements are
     prepared or reprepared.  Existing prepared statements must be
     reprepared for a change in the automatic_index setting to affect
     their operation.

}

Pragma {auto_vacuum} {
    <p><b>PRAGMA auto_vacuum;<br>
          PRAGMA auto_vacuum = </b>
           <i>0 | NONE | 1 | FULL | 2 | INCREMENTAL</i><b>;</b></p>

    <p>Query or set the auto-vacuum status in the database.</p>

    <p>^The default setting for auto-vacuum is 0 or "none",
    unless the [SQLITE_DEFAULT_AUTOVACUUM] compile-time option is used.
................................................................................
    reorganize the entire database file.  ^To change from "full" or
    "incremental" back to "none" always requires running [VACUUM] even
    on an empty database.
    </p>

    <p>^When the auto_vacuum pragma is invoked with no arguments, it
    returns the current auto_vacuum mode.</p>

}

Pragma cache_size {
    <p>^(<b>PRAGMA cache_size;
       <br>PRAGMA cache_size = </b><i>Number-of-pages</i><b>;</b></p>
    <p>Query or change the suggested maximum number of database disk pages
    that SQLite will hold in memory at once per open database file.)^  ^Whether
    or not this suggestion is honored is at the discretion of the
    [sqlite3_pcache_methods | Application Defined Page Cache].   ^In the
    default page cache implemention, the suggested cache size is honored
    as long as it is 10 or greater.  ^A suggested cache size of less
................................................................................
    or to ignore it all together.
    ^The default suggested cache size is 2000.</p>

    <p>^When you change the cache size using the cache_size pragma, the
    change only endures for the current session.  ^The cache size reverts
    to the default value when the database is closed and reopened.  Use
    the [default_cache_size]
    pragma to check the cache size permanently.</p>
}

Pragma case_sensitive_like {
    <p>^(<b>PRAGMA case_sensitive_like = </b><i>boolean</i><b>;</b>)^</p>
    <p>^The default behavior of the [LIKE] operator is to ignore case
    for ASCII characters. ^Hence, by default <b>'a' LIKE 'A'</b> is
    true.  ^The case_sensitive_like pragma installs a new application-defined
    LIKE function that can change
    this behavior.  ^When case_sensitive_like is enabled,
    <b>'a' LIKE 'A'</b> is false but <b>'a' LIKE 'a'</b> is still true.</p>

    <p>^This pragma only works if the [like | built-in like() SQL function]
    has not been overloaded using [sqlite3_create_function()].</p>

}

Pragma count_changes {
    <p>^(<b>PRAGMA count_changes;
       <br>PRAGMA count_changes = </b>boolean</i><b>;</b></p>
    <p>Query or change the count-changes flag.)^ ^Normally, when the
    count-changes flag is not set, [INSERT], [UPDATE] and [DELETE] statements
    return no data. ^When count-changes is set, each of these commands 
    returns a single row of data consisting of one integer value - the
    number of rows inserted, modified or deleted by the command. ^The 
    returned change count does not include any insertions, modifications
................................................................................

    <p>Another way to get the row change counts is to use the
    [sqlite3_changes()] or [sqlite3_total_changes()] interfaces.
    There is a subtle different, though.  ^When an INSERT, UPDATE, or
    DELETE is run against a view using an [INSTEAD OF trigger],
    the count_changes pragma reports the number of rows in the view
    that fired the trigger, whereas [sqlite3_changes()] and
    [sqlite3_total_changes()] do not.
}

LegacyPragma default_cache_size {
    ^(<b>PRAGMA default_cache_size;
       <br>PRAGMA default_cache_size = </b><i>Number-of-pages</i><b>;</b></p>
    <p>This pragma queries or sets the suggested maximum number of pages
    of disk cache that will be allocated per open database file.)^
    ^The difference between this pragma and [cache_size] is that the
    value set here persists across database connections.
    </p>
}

LegacyPragma empty_result_callbacks {
    <p><b>PRAGMA empty_result_callbacks;
       <br>PRAGMA empty_result_callbacks = </b><i>boolean</i><b>;</b></p>

    <p>Query or change the empty-result-callbacks flag.</p>

    <p>The empty-result-callbacks flag affects the [sqlite3_exec()] API only.
    Normally, when the empty-result-callbacks flag is cleared, the
    callback function supplied to the [sqlite3_exec()] is not invoked
................................................................................
    with the third parameter set to 0 (NULL). This is to enable programs  
    that use the [sqlite3_exec()] API to retrieve column-names even when
    a query returns no data.</p>

    <p>This pragma is legacy.  It was created long ago in the early
    days of SQLite before the prepared statement interface was available.
    Do not use this pragma.  It is likely to go away in a future release</p>
}   
    

Pragma encoding {
   <p>^(<b>PRAGMA encoding;
       <br>PRAGMA encoding = "UTF-8";
       <br>PRAGMA encoding = "UTF-16";
       <br>PRAGMA encoding = "UTF-16le";
       <br>PRAGMA encoding = "UTF-16be";</b>)^</p>
    <p>^In first form, if the main database has already been
    created, then this pragma returns the text encoding used by the
    main database, one of "UTF-8", "UTF-16le" (little-endian UTF-16
................................................................................
    and subsequent forms are used after the database file has already
    been created, they have no effect and are silently ignored.</p>

    <p>^Once an encoding has been set for a database, it cannot be changed.</p>

    <p>^Databases created by the [ATTACH] command always use the same encoding
    as the main database.</p>

}

Pragma foreign_keys {
     <p>^(<b>PRAGMA foreign_keys;
       <br>PRAGMA foreign_keys = </b><i>boolean</i><b>;</b></p>
    <p>Query, set, or clear the enforcement of [foreign key constraints].)^

    <p>^This pragma is a no-op within a transaction; foreign key constraint
       enforcement may only be enabled or disabled when there is no pending
       [BEGIN] or [SAVEPOINT].

................................................................................
       after the foreign_keys setting is changed.

    <p>^(As of SQLite [version 3.6.19], the default setting for foreign
       key enforcement is OFF.)^  However, that might change in a future
       release of SQLite.  To minimize future problems, applications should
       set the foreign key enforcement flag as required by the application
       and not depend on the default setting.

}


LegacyPragma full_column_names {
    <p>^(<b>PRAGMA full_column_names;
       <br>PRAGMA full_column_names = </b><i>boolean</i><b>;</b></p>
    <p>Query or change the full_column_names flag.)^ ^This flag together 
    with the [short_column_names] flag determine
    the way SQLite assigns names to result columns of [SELECT] statements.
    ^(Result columns are named by applying the following rules in order:
    <ol>
    <li><p>If there is an AS clause on the result, then the name of
................................................................................
        source table name prefix:  COLUMN.</p></li>
    <li><p>If both pragmas [short_column_names] and [full_column_names]
        are OFF then case (2) applies.
        </p></li>
    <li><p>The name of the result column is a combination of the source table
        and source column name:  TABLE.COLUMN</p></li>
    </ol>)^

}

Pragma fullfsync {
    <p>^(<b>PRAGMA fullfsync
       <br>PRAGMA fullfsync = </b><i>boolean</i><b>;</b></p>
    <p>Query or change the fullfsync flag.)^ ^This flag affects
    determines whether or not the F_FULLFSYNC syncing method is used
    on systems that support it.  ^The default value of the fullfsync flag
    is off.  Only Mac OS X supports F_FULLFSYNC.
    </p>

}

Pragma incremental_vacuum {
    <p><b>PRAGMA incremental_vacuum</b><i>(N)</i><b>;</b></p>
    <p>^The incremental_vacuum pragma causes up to <i>N</i> pages to
    be removed from the freelist.  ^The database file is truncated by
    the same amount.  ^The incremental_vacuum pragma has no effect if
    the database is not in
    <a href="#pragma_auto_vacuum">auto_vacuum==incremental</a> mode
    or if there are no pages on the freelist.  ^If there are fewer than
    <i>N</i> pages on the freelist, or if <i>N</i> is less than 1, or
................................................................................
    future changes include enhancing incremental vacuum to do
    defragmentation and node repacking just as the full-blown
    [VACUUM] command does.  And
    incremental vacuum may be promoted from a pragma to a separate
    SQL command, or perhaps some variation on the [VACUUM] command.
    Programmers are cautioned to not become enamored with the
    current syntax or functionality as it is likely to change.</p>

}

Pragma journal_mode {
    <p>^(<b>PRAGMA journal_mode;
       <br>PRAGMA </b><i>database</i><b>.journal_mode;
       <br>PRAGMA journal_mode
              = <i>DELETE | TRUNCATE | PERSIST | MEMORY | WAL | OFF</i>
       <br>PRAGMA </b><i>database</i><b>.journal_mode
              = <i>DELETE | TRUNCATE | PERSIST | MEMORY | WAL | OFF</i></b></p>

    <p>This pragma queries or sets the journal mode for databases
................................................................................
    set, then the database file will very likely go corrupt.</p>

    <p>^Note that the journal_mode for an [in-memory database]
    is either MEMORY or OFF and can not be changed to a different value.
    ^An attempt to change the journal_mode of an [in-memory database] to
    any setting other than MEMORY or OFF is ignored.  ^Note also that
    the journal_mode cannot be changed while a transaction is active.</p>

}

Pragma journal_size_limit {
    <p><b>
    PRAGMA journal_size_limit<br>
    PRAGMA journal_size_limit = </b><i>N</i> <b>;</b>

  <p>^If a database connection is operating in either "exclusive mode"
  (PRAGMA locking_mode=exclusive) or "persistent journal mode"
  (PRAGMA journal_mode=persist) then under certain circumstances
  after committing a transaction the journal file may remain in
................................................................................
  [SQLITE_DEFAULT_JOURNAL_SIZE_LIMIT] at compile time.</p>

  <p>^This pragma only operates on the single database specified prior
  to the pragma name (or on the "main" database if no database is specified.)
  There is no way to operate on all attached databases using a single
  PRAGMA statement, nor is there a way to set the limit to use for databases
  that will be attached in the future.

}


Pragma legacy_file_format {
   <p>^(<b>PRAGMA legacy_file_format;
       <br>PRAGMA legacy_file_format = <i>boolean</i></b></p>
    <p>This pragma sets or queries the value of the legacy_file_format
    flag.)^  ^When this flag is on, new SQLite databases are created in
    a file format that is readable and writable by all versions of
    SQLite going back to 3.0.0.  ^When the flag is off, new databases
    are created using the latest file format which might not be
    readable or writable by versions of SQLite prior to 3.3.0.</p>
................................................................................
    will be used by any newly created databases.</p>

    <p>^(This flag only affects newly created databases.  It has no
    effect on databases that already exist.)^</p>

    <p>^The default file format is set by the
    [SQLITE_DEFAULT_FILE_FORMAT] compile-time option.</p>

}

Pragma locking_mode {
    <p>^(<b>PRAGMA locking_mode;
       <br>PRAGMA locking_mode = <i>NORMAL | EXCLUSIVE</i></b>)^</p>
    <p>^This pragma sets or queries the database connection locking-mode. 
    ^The locking-mode is either NORMAL or EXCLUSIVE.

    <p>^In NORMAL locking-mode (the default), a database connection
    unlocks the database file at the conclusion of each read or
    write transaction. ^When the locking-mode is set to EXCLUSIVE, the
................................................................................

   <p>^The "temp" database (in which TEMP tables and indices are stored)
   and [in-memory databases]
   always uses exclusive locking mode.  ^The locking mode of temp and
   [in-memory databases] cannot
   be changed.  ^All other databases use the normal locking mode by default
   and are affected by this pragma.</p>

}

Pragma page_size {
   <p>^(<b>PRAGMA page_size;
       <br>PRAGMA page_size = </b><i>bytes</i><b>;</b></p>
    <p>Query or set the page size of the database.)^ ^The page size
    may only be set if the database has not yet been created. ^The page
    size must be a power of two greater than or equal to 512 and less
    than or equal to [SQLITE_MAX_PAGE_SIZE].
    The maximum value for [SQLITE_MAX_PAGE_SIZE] is 32768.
    </p>
................................................................................
    running on workstations is for atomic write to be
    disabled, for the maximum page size to be set to 32768, for
    SQLITE_DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE to be 1024, and for the
    maximum default page size to be set to 8192.  ^(The default xSectorSize
    method on workstation implementations always reports a sector size
    of 512 bytes.  Hence, 
    the default page size chosen by SQLite is usually 1024 bytes.)^</p>

}

Pragma max_page_count {
    <p>^(<b>PRAGMA max_page_count;
       <br>PRAGMA max_page_count = </b><i>N</i><b>;</b></p>
    <p>Query or set the maximum number of pages in the database file.)^
    ^Both forms of the pragma return the maximum page count.  ^The second
    form attempts to modify the maximum page count.  ^The maximum page
    count cannot be reduced below the current database size.
    </p>

}

Pragma read_uncommitted {
    <p>^(<b>PRAGMA read_uncommitted;
       <br>PRAGMA read_uncommitted = </b><i>boolean</i><b>;</b></p>
    <p>Query, set, or clear READ UNCOMMITTED isolation.)^ ^The default isolation
    level for SQLite is SERIALIZABLE.  ^Any process or thread can select
    READ UNCOMMITTED isolation, but SERIALIZABLE will still be used except
    between connections that share a common page and schema cache.
    Cache sharing is enabled using the [sqlite3_enable_shared_cache()] API.
    Cache sharing is disabled by default.
    </p>

    <p>See [SQLite Shared-Cache Mode] for additional information.</p>

}

Pragma recursive_triggers {
    <p>^(<b>PRAGMA recursive_triggers;
       <br>PRAGMA recursive_triggers = </b><i>boolean</i><b>;</b></p>
    <p>Query, set, or clear the recursive trigger capability.)^

    <p>^Changing the recursive_triggers setting affects the execution of
       all statements prepared
       using the database connection, including those prepared before the
       setting was changed. ^Any existing statements prepared using the legacy 
................................................................................
    but was initially turned OFF by default, for compatibility.  Recursive
    triggers may be turned on by default in future versions of SQLite.
    </p>

    <p>^(The depth of recursion for triggers has a hard upper limit set by
    the [SQLITE_MAX_TRIGGER_DEPTH] compile-time option and a run-time
    limit set by [sqlite3_limit](db,[SQLITE_LIMIT_TRIGGER_DEPTH],...).)^</p>

}

Pragma reverse_unordered_selects {
    <p>^(<b>PRAGMA reverse_unordered_selects;
       <br>PRAGMA reverse_unordered_selects = </b><i>boolean</i><b>;</b>)^</p>
    <p>^When enabled, this PRAGMA causes [SELECT] statements without a
    an ORDER BY clause to emit their results in the reverse order of what
    they normally would.  This can help debug applications that are
    making invalid assumptions about the result order.<p>SQLite makes no
    guarantees about the order of results if a SELECT omits the ORDER BY
    clause.  Even so, the order of results does not change from one
................................................................................
    to shift.  When that happens, applications that depend on a certain
    output order might malfunction.  By running the application multiple
    times with this pragma both disabled and enabled, cases where the
    application makes faulty assumptions about output order can be
    identified and fixed early, reducing problems
    that might be caused by linking against a different version of SQLite.
    </p>

}

Pragma secure_delete {
    <p>^(<b>PRAGMA secure_delete;
       <br>PRAGMA </b><i>database</i><b>.secure_delete;
       <br>PRAGMA secure_delete = </b><i>boolean</i><b>
       <br>PRAGMA </b><i>database</i><b>.secure_delete =
               </b><i>boolean</i></p>
    <p>Query or change the secure-delete setting.)^ ^When secure-delete
    on, SQLite overwrites deleted content with zeros.  ^The default
    setting is determined by the [SQLITE_SECURE_DELETE]
................................................................................
    of the main database at the time the ATTACH command is evaluated.

    <p>
    ^When multiple database connections share the same cache, changing
    the secure-delete flag on one database connection changes it for them
    all.
    </p>

}

LegacyPragma short_column_names {
    <p>^(<b>PRAGMA short_column_names;
       <br>PRAGMA short_column_names = </b><i>boolean</i><b>;</b></p>
    <p>Query or change the short-column-names flag.)^ ^This flag affects
    the way SQLite names columns of data returned by [SELECT] statements.
    See the [full_column_names] pragma for full details.
    </p>

}

Pragma synchronous {
    <p>^(<b>PRAGMA synchronous;
       <br>PRAGMA synchronous = </b>
          <i>0 | OFF | 1 | NORMAL | 2 | FULL</i><b>;</b></p>

    <p>Query or change the setting of the "synchronous" flag.)^
    ^The first (query) form will return the synchronous setting as an 
    integer.  ^When synchronous is FULL (2), the SQLite database engine will
    pause at critical moments to make sure that data has actually been 
................................................................................
    the database might become corrupted if the operating system
    crashes or the computer loses power before that data has been written
    to the disk surface.  On the other hand, some
    operations are as much as 50 or more times faster with synchronous OFF.
    </p>
    <p>^The default setting is synchronous=FULL.
    </p>

}

Pragma temp_store {
    <p>^(<b>PRAGMA temp_store;
       <br>PRAGMA temp_store = </b>
            <i>0 | DEFAULT | 1 | FILE | 2 | MEMORY</i><b>;</b></p>

    <p>Query or change the setting of the "<b>temp_store</b>" parameter.)^
    ^When temp_store is DEFAULT (0), the compile-time C preprocessor macro
    [SQLITE_TEMP_STORE] is used to determine where temporary tables and indices
    are stored.  ^When
................................................................................
        <td align="center">2</td>
        <td align="center">memory</td></tr>
    <tr><td align="center">3</td>
        <td align="center"><em>any</em></td>
        <td align="center">memory</td></tr>
    </table>
    </blockquote>)^


}

LegacyPragma temp_store_directory {
    <p>^(<b>PRAGMA temp_store_directory;
       <br>PRAGMA temp_store_directory = '</b><i>directory-name</i><b>';</b></p>
    <p>Query or change the setting of the "temp_store_directory" - the
    directory where files used for storing [temporary tables] and indices
    are kept.</p>)^

    <p>^When the temp_store_directory setting is changed, all existing temporary
    tables, indices, triggers, and viewers are immediately deleted.  In
................................................................................
    error is raised if <i>directory-name</i> is not found or is not
    writable. </p>

    <p>The default directory for temporary files depends on the OS.  Some
    OS interfaces may choose to ignore this variable in place temporary
    files in some other directory different from the directory specified
    here.  In that sense, this pragma is only advisory.</p>


}



Pragma collation_list {
    <p>^(<b>PRAGMA collation_list;</b></p>
    <p>Return a list of the collating sequences defined for the current
    database connection.</p>)^
}

Pragma database_list {
    <p>^(<b>PRAGMA database_list;</b></p>
    <p>This pragma works like a query to return one row for each database
    attached to the current database connection.)^
    ^(Columns of the result set include the index and 
    the name the database was attached with.)^  ^The first row will be for 
    the main database.  ^The second row will be for the database used to 
    store temporary tables.</p>
}

LegacyPragma foreign_key_list {
    <p>^(<b>PRAGMA foreign_key_list(</b><i>table-name</i><b>);</b></p>
    <p>This pragma returns one rwo for each foreign key that references
    a column in the argument table.)^
}

Pragma freelist_count {
    <p>^(<b>PRAGMA freelist_count;</b></p>
    <p>Return the number of unused pages in the database file.)^ ^Running
    a <a href="#pragma_incremental_vacuum">"PRAGMA incremental_vaccum(N);"</a> 
    command with a large value of N will shrink the database file by this
    number of pages when incremental vacuum is enabled. </p>
}

Pragma index_info {
    <p>^(<b>PRAGMA index_info(</b><i>index-name</i><b>);</b></p>
    <p>This program returns one row row each column in the named index.</p>)^
}

Pragma index_list {
    <p>^(<b>PRAGMA index_list(</b><i>table-name</i><b>);</b></p>
    <p>This pragma returns one row for each index associated with the
    given table.)^   ^Columns of the result set include the
    index name and a flag to indicate whether or not the index is UNIQUE.
    </p>
}

Pragma page_count {
    <p>^(<b>PRAGMA page_count;</b></p>
    <p>Return the total number of pages in the database file.</p>)^
}

Pragma table_info {
    <p>^(<b>PRAGMA table_info(</b><i>table-name</i><b>);</b></p>
    <p>This pragma returns one row for each column in the named table.)^
    ^Columns in the result set include the column name,
    data type, whether or not the column can be NULL, and the default
    value for the column.</p>

}



Pragma {schema_version user_version} {
    <p><b>PRAGMA schema_version; 
       <br>PRAGMA schema_version = </b><i>integer </i><b>;
       <br>PRAGMA user_version;
       <br>PRAGMA user_version = </b><i>integer </i><b>;</b>

  
<p>    ^The pragmas schema_version and user_version are used to set or get
       the value of the schema-version and user-version, respectively. ^Both
................................................................................
       the schema of the database against which the compiled query is actually 
       executed.  ^Subverting this mechanism by using "PRAGMA schema_version" 
       to modify the schema-version is potentially dangerous and may lead 
       to program crashes or database corruption. Use with caution!</p>
  
<p>    ^The user-version is not used internally by SQLite. It may be used by
       applications for any purpose.</p>


}



Pragma compile_options {
    <p><b>PRAGMA compile_options;</b></p>
    <p>^This pragma returns the names of [compile-time options] used when
    building SQLite, one option per row.  ^The "SQLITE_" prefix is omitted
    from the returned option names.  See also the
    [sqlite3_compileoption_get()] C/C++ interface and the
    [sqlite_compileoption_get()] SQL functions.</p>
}

Pragma integrity_check {
    <p><b>PRAGMA integrity_check;
    <br>PRAGMA integrity_check(</b><i>integer</i><b>)</b></p>
    <p>^This pragma does an integrity check of the entire database.  ^It
    looks for out-of-order records, missing pages, malformed records, and
    corrupt indices.
    ^If any problems are found, then strings are returned (as multiple
    rows with a single column per row) which describe
    the problems.  ^At most <i>integer</i> errors will be reported
    before the analysis quits.  ^The default value for <i>integer</i>
    is 100.  ^If no errors are found, a single row with the value "ok" is
    returned.</p>
}

Pragma quick_check {
    <p><b>PRAGMA quick_check;
    <br>PRAGMA quick_check(</b><i>integer</i><b>)</b></p>
    <p>^The pragma is like [integrity_check] except that it does not verify
    that index content matches table content.  By skipping the verification
    of index content, quick_check is able to run much faster than
    integrity_check.  Otherwise the two pragmas are the same.
    </p>
}

Pragma parser_trace {
    <p><b>PRAGMA parser_trace = </b><i>boolean</i><b>; </b></p>

    <p>^Turn tracing of the SQL parser inside of the
    SQLite library on and off.  This is used for debugging.
    This only works if the library is compiled with the SQLITE_DEBUG
    compile-time option.</p>


    <p>This PRAGMA is used to help test and debug the SQLite library
    itself.  It is of little or not use to applications and is disabled
    if SQLite is not compiled with [SQLITE_DEBUG].</p>
}

Pragma vdbe_trace {
    <p><b>PRAGMA vdbe_trace = </b><i>boolean</i><b>;</b></p>

    <p>^Turn tracing of the virtual database engine inside of the
    SQLite library on and off.  This is used for debugging.  See the 
    <a href="vdbe.html#trace">VDBE documentation</a> for more 
    information.</p>

    <p>This PRAGMA is used to help test and debug the SQLite library
    itself.  It is of little or not use to applications and is disabled
    if SQLite is not compiled with [SQLITE_DEBUG].</p>
}

Pragma vdbe_listing {
    <p><b>PRAGMA vdbe_listing = </b><i>boolean</i><b>;</b></p>

    <p>^Turn listings of virtual machine programs on and off.
    With listing is on, the entire content of a program is printed
    just prior to beginning execution.  The statement
    executes normally after the listing is printed.
    This is used for debugging.  See the 
    <a href="vdbe.html#trace">VDBE documentation</a> for more 
    information.</p>

    <p>This PRAGMA is used to help test and debug the SQLite library
    itself.  It is of little or not use to applications and is disabled
    if SQLite is not compiled with [SQLITE_DEBUG].</p>
}

Pragma wal_checkpoint {
    <p><b>PRAGMA </b><i>database</i><b>.wal_checkpoint;</b></p>

    <p>^If the [write-ahead log] is enabled (via the [journal_mode pragma]),
    this pragma causes a checkpoint operation to run on database
    <i>database</i>, or on all attached databases if <i>database</i>
    is omitted.  ^If [write-ahead log] is disabled, this pragma is a
    harmless no-op.</p>

    <p>^Invoking this pragma is equivalent to calling the
    [sqlite3_wal_checkpoint()] C interface.</p>

}

Pragma wal_autocheckpoint {
    <p><b>PRAGMA wal_autocheckpoint;<br>
     PRAGMA wal_autocheckpoint=</b><i>N</i><b>;</b></p>

    <p>^This pragma queries or sets the [write-ahead log] auto-checkpoint
    interval.  When the [write-ahead log] is enabled (via the
    [journal_mode pragma]) a checkpoint will be run automatically whenever
    the write-ahead log equals or exceeds <i>N</i> pages in length.
    Setting the auto-checkpoint size to zero or a negative value
    turns auto-checkpointing off.</p>
    
    <p>^This pragma is a wrapper around the
    [sqlite3_wal_autocheckpoint()] C interface.</p>

}

Section {List Of PRAGMAs} {toc} {{pragma list}}
</tcl>
<table border=0 width="100%" cellpadding=10>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left"><ul>
<tcl>
set allprag [lsort [array names PragmaRef]]
set nprag [llength $allprag]
set nrow [expr {($nprag+2)/3}]
for {set i 0} {$i<$nprag} {incr i} {
  set prag [lindex $allprag $i]
  hd_puts "<li><a href=\"#pragma_$prag\">$prag</a>\n"
  if {$i%$nrow==($nrow-1) && $i+1<$nprag} {
    hd_puts "</ul></td><td valign=\"top\" align=\"left\"><ul>\n"
  }
}
</tcl>
</ul></td></tr></table>
<tcl>
foreach prag [lsort [array names PragmaBody]] {
  hd_fragment pragma_$prag
  foreach x $PragmaKeys($prag) {
    hd_keywords *$x "PRAGMA $x" "$x pragma"
  }
  hd_puts "<hr>"
  hd_resolve $PragmaBody($prag)
}
</tcl>
<hr>

<li> <a href="different.html">Distinctive Features</a> </li>
<li> <a href="doclist.html">Alphabetical list of docs</a> </li>
<li> <a href="books.html">Books About SQLite</a> </li>
<li> <a href="keyword_index.html">Website Keyword Index</a> </li>
</ul><td valign=top><ul>
<li> <a href="lang.html">SQL Syntax</a>
<ul>
<li> <a href="pragma.html">Pragmas</a>
<li> <a href="lang_corefunc.html">SQL functions</a>
<li> <a href="lang_datefunc.html">Date &amp; time functions</a>
<li> <a href="lang_aggfunc.html">Aggregate functions</a>
</ul>
<li> <a href="c3ref/intro.html">C/C++ Interface Spec</a>
<ul>
<li> <a href="cintro.html">Introduction</a>

<li> <a href="different.html">Distinctive Features</a> </li>
<li> <a href="doclist.html">Alphabetical list of docs</a> </li>
<li> <a href="books.html">Books About SQLite</a> </li>
<li> <a href="keyword_index.html">Website Keyword Index</a> </li>
</ul><td valign=top><ul>
<li> <a href="lang.html">SQL Syntax</a>
<ul>
<li> <a href="pragma.html#toc">Pragmas</a>
<li> <a href="lang_corefunc.html">SQL functions</a>
<li> <a href="lang_datefunc.html">Date &amp; time functions</a>
<li> <a href="lang_aggfunc.html">Aggregate functions</a>
</ul>
<li> <a href="c3ref/intro.html">C/C++ Interface Spec</a>
<ul>
<li> <a href="cintro.html">Introduction</a>

<tcl>hd_keywords {WAL} {write-ahead log}</tcl>

<h1 align="center">Write-Ahead Logging</h1>

<p>The default method in which SQLite implements
[atomic commit | atomic commit and rollback] is through the use of
a [rollback journal].
Beginning with [SQLite version 3.7.0], a new write-ahead log option
(hereafter referred to as "WAL")
for implementing atomic commit and rollback is available as an option
on some platforms.</p>

<p>There are advantages and disadvantages to using WAL.  We begin with
a quick summary of advantages:</p>

<tcl>hd_keywords {WAL} {write-ahead log}</tcl>

<h1 align="center">Write-Ahead Logging</h1>

<p>The default method in which SQLite implements
[atomic commit | atomic commit and rollback] is through the use of
a [rollback journal].
Beginning with [version 3.7.0], a new write-ahead log option
(hereafter referred to as "WAL")
for implementing atomic commit and rollback is available as an option
on some platforms.</p>

<p>There are advantages and disadvantages to using WAL.  We begin with
a quick summary of advantages:</p>