Documentation Source Text

PARAGRAPH {
  The xDelete method is used delete a file.  The name of the file is
  given in the second parameter.  The filename will be in UTF-8.
  The VFS must convert the filename into whatever character representation
  the underlying operating system expects.  If the syncDir parameter is
  true, then the xDelete method should not return until the change
  to the directory contents for the directory containing the
  deleted file have been synced to disk in order to insure that the
  file does not "reappear" if a power failure occurs soon after.
}

PARAGRAPH {
  The xAccess method is used to check for access permissions on a file.
  The filename will be UTF-8 encoded.  The flags argument will be
  [SQLITE_ACCESS_EXISTS] to check for the existence of the file,

PARAGRAPH {
  The xDelete method is used delete a file.  The name of the file is
  given in the second parameter.  The filename will be in UTF-8.
  The VFS must convert the filename into whatever character representation
  the underlying operating system expects.  If the syncDir parameter is
  true, then the xDelete method should not return until the change
  to the directory contents for the directory containing the
  deleted file have been synced to disk in order to ensure that the
  file does not "reappear" if a power failure occurs soon after.
}

PARAGRAPH {
  The xAccess method is used to check for access permissions on a file.
  The filename will be UTF-8 encoded.  The flags argument will be
  [SQLITE_ACCESS_EXISTS] to check for the existence of the file,

  NOT IN operators to conform to the standard and to give the same
  results as other SQL database engines.
}

INDENTED {
  <strong>Key Point:</strong> The change to the way NULL values are handled
  by the IN and NOT IN operators is technically a bug fix, not a design
  change.  However, maintainers should check to insure that applications
  do not depend on the older, buggy behavior prior to upgrading to
  version 3.6.0.
}

HEADING 2 {Changes To Column Naming Rules}

PARAGRAPH {

  NOT IN operators to conform to the standard and to give the same
  results as other SQL database engines.
}

INDENTED {
  <strong>Key Point:</strong> The change to the way NULL values are handled
  by the IN and NOT IN operators is technically a bug fix, not a design
  change.  However, maintainers should check to ensure that applications
  do not depend on the older, buggy behavior prior to upgrading to
  version 3.6.0.
}

HEADING 2 {Changes To Column Naming Rules}

PARAGRAPH {

<br clear="both">
<a name="section_3_10"></a>
<h3>3.10 Flushing Changes To Mass Storage</h3>
<img src="images/ac/commit-9.gif" align="right" hspace="15">

<p>Another flush must occur to make sure that all the
database changes are written into nonvolatile storage.
This is a critical step to insure that the database will
survive a power loss without damage.  However, because
of the inherent slowness of writing to disk or flash memory, 
this step together with the rollback journal file flush in section
3.7 above takes up most the time required to complete a
transaction commit in SQLite.</p>

<br clear="both">

<br clear="both">
<a name="section_3_10"></a>
<h3>3.10 Flushing Changes To Mass Storage</h3>
<img src="images/ac/commit-9.gif" align="right" hspace="15">

<p>Another flush must occur to make sure that all the
database changes are written into nonvolatile storage.
This is a critical step to ensure that the database will
survive a power loss without damage.  However, because
of the inherent slowness of writing to disk or flash memory, 
this step together with the rollback journal file flush in section
3.7 above takes up most the time required to complete a
transaction commit in SQLite.</p>

<br clear="both">

  <p>During testing, the SQLite library is compiled with special
  instrumentation that allows the test scripts to simulate a wide
  variety of failures in order to verify that SQLite recovers
  correctly.  Memory allocation is carefully tracked and no memory
  leaks occur, even following memory allocation failures.  A custom
  VFS layer is used to simulate operating system crashes and power
  failures in order to insure that transactions are atomic across
  these events.  A mechanism for deliberately injecting I/O errors
  shows that SQLite is resilient to such malfunctions.  (As an
  experiment, try inducing these kinds of errors on other SQL database
  engines and see what happens!)</p>

  <p>We also run SQLite using [http://valgrind.org | valgrind]
  on Linux and verify that it detects no problems.</p>

  <p>During testing, the SQLite library is compiled with special
  instrumentation that allows the test scripts to simulate a wide
  variety of failures in order to verify that SQLite recovers
  correctly.  Memory allocation is carefully tracked and no memory
  leaks occur, even following memory allocation failures.  A custom
  VFS layer is used to simulate operating system crashes and power
  failures in order to ensure that transactions are atomic across
  these events.  A mechanism for deliberately injecting I/O errors
  shows that SQLite is resilient to such malfunctions.  (As an
  experiment, try inducing these kinds of errors on other SQL database
  engines and see what happens!)</p>

  <p>We also run SQLite using [http://valgrind.org | valgrind]
  on Linux and verify that it detects no problems.</p>

<a name="testing"></a>
<h2>2.0 Testing</h2>

<p>Over
75% of the code in the SQLite source tree is devoted purely to 
[testing | testing and verification].  Reliability is important to SQLite.
Among the tasks of the test infrastructure is to insure that
SQLite does not misuse dynamically allocated memory, that SQLite
does not leak memory, and that SQLite responds
correctly to a dynamic memory allocation failure.</p>

<p>The test infrastructure verifies that SQLite does not misuse
dynamically allocated memory by using a specially instrumented
memory allocator.  The instrumented memory allocator is enabled
................................................................................
<li><p><b>Bounds checking.</b>
The instrumented memory allocator places sentinel values at both ends
of each memory allocation to verify that nothing within SQLite writes
outside the bounds of the allocation.</p></li>

<li><p><b>Use of memory after freeing.</b>
When each block of memory is freed, every byte is overwritten with a
nonsense bit pattern.  This helps to insure that no memory is ever
used after having been freed.</p></li>

<li><p><b>Freeing memory not obtained from malloc.</b>
Each memory allocation from the instrumented memory allocator contains
sentinels used to verify that every allocation freed came
from prior malloc.</p></li>

<li><p><b>Uninitialized memory.</b>
The instrumented memory allocator initializes each memory allocation
to a nonsense bit pattern to help insure that the user makes no
assumptions about the content of allocation memory.</p></li>
</ul>

<p>Regardless of whether or not the instrumented memory allocator is
used, SQLite keeps track of how much memory is currently checked out.
There are hundreds of test scripts used for testing SQLite.  At the
end of each script, all objects are destroyed and a test is made to
insure that all  memory has been freed.  This is how memory
leaks are detected.  Notice that memory leak detection is in force at
all times, during test builds and during production builds.  Whenever
one of the developers runs any individual test script, memory leak
detection is active.  Hence memory leaks that do arise during development
are quickly detected and fixed.</p>

<a name="oomtesting"></a>
................................................................................
the current test case.  These latter two features are useful for
tracking down the source of memory leaks detected by the test suite.</p>

<p>The heavy wrapper that is used when [SQLITE_MEMDEBUG] is set also
makes sure each new allocation is filled with nonsense data prior to
returning the allocation to the caller.  And as soon as an allocation
is free, it is again filled with nonsense data.  These two actions help
to insure that the SQLite core does not make assumptions about the state
of newly allocated memory and that memory allocations are not used after
they have been freed.</p>

<p>The heavy wrapper employed by [SQLITE_MEMDEBUG] is intended for use
only during testing, analysis, and debugging of SQLite.  The heavy wrapper
has a significant performance and memory overhead and probably should not
be used in production.</p>

<a name="testing"></a>
<h2>2.0 Testing</h2>

<p>Over
75% of the code in the SQLite source tree is devoted purely to 
[testing | testing and verification].  Reliability is important to SQLite.
Among the tasks of the test infrastructure is to ensure that
SQLite does not misuse dynamically allocated memory, that SQLite
does not leak memory, and that SQLite responds
correctly to a dynamic memory allocation failure.</p>

<p>The test infrastructure verifies that SQLite does not misuse
dynamically allocated memory by using a specially instrumented
memory allocator.  The instrumented memory allocator is enabled
................................................................................
<li><p><b>Bounds checking.</b>
The instrumented memory allocator places sentinel values at both ends
of each memory allocation to verify that nothing within SQLite writes
outside the bounds of the allocation.</p></li>

<li><p><b>Use of memory after freeing.</b>
When each block of memory is freed, every byte is overwritten with a
nonsense bit pattern.  This helps to ensure that no memory is ever
used after having been freed.</p></li>

<li><p><b>Freeing memory not obtained from malloc.</b>
Each memory allocation from the instrumented memory allocator contains
sentinels used to verify that every allocation freed came
from prior malloc.</p></li>

<li><p><b>Uninitialized memory.</b>
The instrumented memory allocator initializes each memory allocation
to a nonsense bit pattern to help ensure that the user makes no
assumptions about the content of allocation memory.</p></li>
</ul>

<p>Regardless of whether or not the instrumented memory allocator is
used, SQLite keeps track of how much memory is currently checked out.
There are hundreds of test scripts used for testing SQLite.  At the
end of each script, all objects are destroyed and a test is made to
ensure that all  memory has been freed.  This is how memory
leaks are detected.  Notice that memory leak detection is in force at
all times, during test builds and during production builds.  Whenever
one of the developers runs any individual test script, memory leak
detection is active.  Hence memory leaks that do arise during development
are quickly detected and fixed.</p>

<a name="oomtesting"></a>
................................................................................
the current test case.  These latter two features are useful for
tracking down the source of memory leaks detected by the test suite.</p>

<p>The heavy wrapper that is used when [SQLITE_MEMDEBUG] is set also
makes sure each new allocation is filled with nonsense data prior to
returning the allocation to the caller.  And as soon as an allocation
is free, it is again filled with nonsense data.  These two actions help
to ensure that the SQLite core does not make assumptions about the state
of newly allocated memory and that memory allocations are not used after
they have been freed.</p>

<p>The heavy wrapper employed by [SQLITE_MEMDEBUG] is intended for use
only during testing, analysis, and debugging of SQLite.  The heavy wrapper
has a significant performance and memory overhead and probably should not
be used in production.</p>

<tcl>hd_fragment anomoly</tcl>
<h2>3.0 Anomaly Testing</h2>

<p>Anomaly tests are tests designed to verify the correct behavior
of SQLite when something goes wrong.  It is (relatively) easy to build
an SQL database engine that behaves correctly on well-formed inputs
on a fully functional computer.  It is more difficult to build a system
that responses sanely to invalid inputs and continues to function following
system malfunctions.  The anomaly tests are designed to verify the latter
behavior.</p>

<tcl>hd_fragment oomtesting</tcl>
<h3>3.1 Out-Of-Memory Testing</h3>

<p>SQLite, like all SQL database engines, makes extensive use of
................................................................................
The interior of the loop is repeated multiple times for each
snapshot with different random damage each time.</p>

<tcl>hd_fragment multifail</tcl>
<h3>3.4 Compound failure tests</h3>

<p>The test suites for SQLite also explore the result of stacking
multiple failures.  For example, tests are run to insure correct behavior
when an I/O error or OOM fault occurs while trying to recover from a
prior crash.

<tcl>hd_fragment fuzztesting</tcl>
<h2>4.0 Fuzz Testing</h2>

<p>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzz_testing | Fuzz testing]
seeks to establish that SQLite response correctly to invalid, out-of-range,
or malformed inputs.</p>

<h3>4.1 SQL Fuzz</h3>

<p>SQL fuzz testing consists of creating syntactically correct yet
wildly nonsensical SQL statements and feeding them to SQLite to see
what it will do with them.  Usually some kind of error is returned
................................................................................
<tcl>hd_fragment regressiontesting</tcl>
<h2>5.0 Regression Testing</h2>

<p>Whenever a bug is reported against SQLite, that bug is not considered
fixed until new test cases have been added to the TCL test suite which
would exhibit the bug in an unpatched version of SQLite.  Over the years,
this has resulted in thousands and thousands of new tests being added
to the TCL test suite.  These regression tests insure that bugs that have
been fixed in the past are not reintroduced into future versions of
SQLite.</p>

<tcl>hd_fragment leakcheck</tcl>
<h2>6.0 Automatic Resource Leak Detection</h2>

<p>Resource leak occurs when system resources
are allocated and never freed.  The most troublesome resource leaks
in many applications are memory leaks - when memory is allocated using
malloc() but never released using free().  But other kinds of resources
can also be linked:  file descriptors, threads, mutexes, etc.</p>

<p>Both the TCL and TH3 test harnesses automatically track system
resources and report resources leaks on <u>every</u> test run.
No special configuration or setup is required.   The test harnesses
are especially vigilant with regard to memory leaks.  If a change
causes a memory leak, the test harnesses will recognize this
quickly.  SQLite is designed to never leak memory, even after
an exception such as an OOM error or disk I/O error.  The test
harnesses are zealous to enforce this.</p>

................................................................................
<p>There are many ways to measure test coverage.  The most popular
metric is "statement coverage".  When you hear someone say that their
program as "XX% test coverage" without further explanation, they usually
mean statement coverage.  Statement coverage measures what percentage
of lines of code are executed at least once by the test suite.</p>

<p>Branch coverage is more rigorous than statement coverage.  Branch
coverage measure the number of machine-code branch instructions that
are evaluated at least once on both directions.</p>

<p>To illustrate the difference between statement coverage and
branch coverage, consider the following hypothetical
line of C code:</p>

<blockquote><pre>
................................................................................

<tcl>hd_fragment {testcase} {testcase macros}</tcl>
<h3>7.3 Forcing coverage of boundary values and boolean vector tests</h3>

<p>Another macro used in conjunction with test coverage measurement is
the <tt>testcase()</tt> macro.  The argument is a condition for which
we want test cases that evaluate to both true and false.
In non-coverage builds (that is to so, in release builds) the testcase()
macro is a no-op:</p>

<blockquote><pre>
#define testcase(X)
</pre></blockquote>

<p>But in a coverage measuring build, the testcase() macro generates code
that evaluates the conditional expression in its argument.  
Then during analysis, a check
is made to insure tests exists that evaluate the conditional to both true
and false.  Testcase() macros are used, for example, to help verify that
boundary values are tested.  For example:</p>

<blockquote><pre>
testcase( a==b );
testcase( a==b+1 );
if( a>b && c!=25 ){ d++; }
</pre></blockquote>

................................................................................
    /* ... */
    break;
  }
  /* ... */
}
</pre></blockquote>

<p>For bitmask tests, testcase() macros are used to verify that every
bit of the bitmask effects the test.  For example, in the following block
of code, the condition is true if the mask contains either of two bits
indicating either a MAIN_DB or a TEMP_DB is being opened.  The testcase()

macros that precede the if statement verify that both cases are tested:</p>

<blockquote><pre>
testcase( mask & SQLITE_OPEN_MAIN_DB );
testcase( mask & SQLITE_OPEN_TEMP_DB );
if( (mask & (SQLITE_OPEN_MAIN_DB|SQLITE_OPEN_TEMP_DB))!=0 ){ ... }
</pre></blockquote>

<p>The SQLite source code contains <tcl>N {$stat(nTestcase)}</tcl>
uses of the testcase() macro.</p>

<tcl>hd_fragment {mcdc} *MC/DC {MC/DC testing}</tcl>
<h3>7.4 Branch coverage versus MC/DC</h3>

<p>Two methods of measuring test coverage were described above:
"statement" and "branch" coverage.  There are many other test coverage
metrics besides these two.  Another popular metric is "Modified
................................................................................
<h3>8.2 Valgrind</h3>

<p>[http://valgrind.org/ | Valgrind] is perhaps the most amazing
and useful developer tool in the world.  Valgrind is a simulator - it simulates
an x86 running a linux binary.  (Ports of valgrind for platforms other
than linux are in development, but as of this writing, valgrind only
works reliably on linux, which in the opinion of the SQLite developers 
means that linux should be preferred platform for all software development.)
As valgrind runs a linux binary, it looks for all kinds of interesting
errors such as array overruns, reading from uninitialized memory,
stack overflows, memory leaks, and so forth.  Valgrind finds problems
that can easily slip through all of the other tests run against SQLite.
And, when valgrind does find an error, it can dump the developer directly
into a symbolic debugger at the exact point where the error occur, to
facilitate a quick fix.</p>
................................................................................
in SQLite to verify mutexes are held and released at all the right
moments, in order to double-check that SQLite does work correctly
in multi-threaded applications.</p>

<tcl>hd_fragment journaltest</tcl>
<h3>8.5 Journal Tests</h3>

<p>One of the things that SQLite does to insure that transactions
are atomic across system crashes and power failures is to write
all changes into the rollback journal file prior to changing the
database.  The TCL test harness contains an alternative
[sqlite3_vfs | Virtual File System ] implementation that helps to
verify this is occurring correctly.  The "journal-test VFS" monitors
all disk I/O traffic between the database file and rollback journal,
checking to make sure that nothing is written into the database
................................................................................
excellent job of finding the bugs that are often introduced when
removing compiler warnings, so that product quality is probably not
decreased as a result.</p>

<tcl>hd_fragment summary</tcl>
<h2>10.0 Summary</h2>

<p>SQLite is open source.  This gives many people with the idea that
it is not well tested as commercial software and is perhaps unreliable.
But that impression is false.  
SQLite has exhibited very high reliability in the field and
a very low defect rate, especially considering how rapidly it is evolving.
The quality of SQLite is achieved in part by careful code design and
implementation.  But extensive testing also plays a vital role in
maintaining and improving the quality of SQLite.  This document has
summarized the testing procedures that every release of SQLite undergoes
with the hopes of inspiring the reader to understand that SQLite is
suitable for use in mission-critical applications.</p>

<tcl>hd_fragment anomoly</tcl>
<h2>3.0 Anomaly Testing</h2>

<p>Anomaly tests are tests designed to verify the correct behavior
of SQLite when something goes wrong.  It is (relatively) easy to build
an SQL database engine that behaves correctly on well-formed inputs
on a fully functional computer.  It is more difficult to build a system
that responds sanely to invalid inputs and continues to function following
system malfunctions.  The anomaly tests are designed to verify the latter
behavior.</p>

<tcl>hd_fragment oomtesting</tcl>
<h3>3.1 Out-Of-Memory Testing</h3>

<p>SQLite, like all SQL database engines, makes extensive use of
................................................................................
The interior of the loop is repeated multiple times for each
snapshot with different random damage each time.</p>

<tcl>hd_fragment multifail</tcl>
<h3>3.4 Compound failure tests</h3>

<p>The test suites for SQLite also explore the result of stacking
multiple failures.  For example, tests are run to ensure correct behavior
when an I/O error or OOM fault occurs while trying to recover from a
prior crash.

<tcl>hd_fragment fuzztesting</tcl>
<h2>4.0 Fuzz Testing</h2>

<p>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzz_testing | Fuzz testing]
seeks to establish that SQLite responds correctly to invalid, out-of-range,
or malformed inputs.</p>

<h3>4.1 SQL Fuzz</h3>

<p>SQL fuzz testing consists of creating syntactically correct yet
wildly nonsensical SQL statements and feeding them to SQLite to see
what it will do with them.  Usually some kind of error is returned
................................................................................
<tcl>hd_fragment regressiontesting</tcl>
<h2>5.0 Regression Testing</h2>

<p>Whenever a bug is reported against SQLite, that bug is not considered
fixed until new test cases have been added to the TCL test suite which
would exhibit the bug in an unpatched version of SQLite.  Over the years,
this has resulted in thousands and thousands of new tests being added
to the TCL test suite.  These regression tests ensure that bugs that have
been fixed in the past are not reintroduced into future versions of
SQLite.</p>

<tcl>hd_fragment leakcheck</tcl>
<h2>6.0 Automatic Resource Leak Detection</h2>

<p>Resource leak occurs when system resources
are allocated and never freed.  The most troublesome resource leaks
in many applications are memory leaks - when memory is allocated using
malloc() but never released using free().  But other kinds of resources
can also be leaked:  file descriptors, threads, mutexes, etc.</p>

<p>Both the TCL and TH3 test harnesses automatically track system
resources and report resource leaks on <u>every</u> test run.
No special configuration or setup is required.   The test harnesses
are especially vigilant with regard to memory leaks.  If a change
causes a memory leak, the test harnesses will recognize this
quickly.  SQLite is designed to never leak memory, even after
an exception such as an OOM error or disk I/O error.  The test
harnesses are zealous to enforce this.</p>

................................................................................
<p>There are many ways to measure test coverage.  The most popular
metric is "statement coverage".  When you hear someone say that their
program as "XX% test coverage" without further explanation, they usually
mean statement coverage.  Statement coverage measures what percentage
of lines of code are executed at least once by the test suite.</p>

<p>Branch coverage is more rigorous than statement coverage.  Branch
coverage measures the number of machine-code branch instructions that
are evaluated at least once on both directions.</p>

<p>To illustrate the difference between statement coverage and
branch coverage, consider the following hypothetical
line of C code:</p>

<blockquote><pre>
................................................................................

<tcl>hd_fragment {testcase} {testcase macros}</tcl>
<h3>7.3 Forcing coverage of boundary values and boolean vector tests</h3>

<p>Another macro used in conjunction with test coverage measurement is
the <tt>testcase()</tt> macro.  The argument is a condition for which
we want test cases that evaluate to both true and false.
In non-coverage builds (that is to say, in release builds) the
<tt>testcase()</tt> macro is a no-op:</p>

<blockquote><pre>
#define testcase(X)
</pre></blockquote>

<p>But in a coverage measuring build, the <tt>testcase()</tt> macro
generates code that evaluates the conditional expression in its argument.  
Then during analysis, a check
is made to ensure tests exist that evaluate the conditional to both true
and false.  <tt>Testcase()</tt> macros are used, for example, to help verify
that boundary values are tested.  For example:</p>

<blockquote><pre>
testcase( a==b );
testcase( a==b+1 );
if( a>b && c!=25 ){ d++; }
</pre></blockquote>

................................................................................
    /* ... */
    break;
  }
  /* ... */
}
</pre></blockquote>

<p>For bitmask tests, <tt>testcase()</tt> macros are used to verify that every
bit of the bitmask affects the test.  For example, in the following block
of code, the condition is true if the mask contains either of two bits
indicating either a MAIN_DB or a TEMP_DB is being opened.  
The <tt>testcase()</tt>
macros that precede the if statement verify that both cases are tested:</p>

<blockquote><pre>
testcase( mask & SQLITE_OPEN_MAIN_DB );
testcase( mask & SQLITE_OPEN_TEMP_DB );
if( (mask & (SQLITE_OPEN_MAIN_DB|SQLITE_OPEN_TEMP_DB))!=0 ){ ... }
</pre></blockquote>

<p>The SQLite source code contains <tcl>N {$stat(nTestcase)}</tcl>
uses of the <tt>testcase()</tt> macro.</p>

<tcl>hd_fragment {mcdc} *MC/DC {MC/DC testing}</tcl>
<h3>7.4 Branch coverage versus MC/DC</h3>

<p>Two methods of measuring test coverage were described above:
"statement" and "branch" coverage.  There are many other test coverage
metrics besides these two.  Another popular metric is "Modified
................................................................................
<h3>8.2 Valgrind</h3>

<p>[http://valgrind.org/ | Valgrind] is perhaps the most amazing
and useful developer tool in the world.  Valgrind is a simulator - it simulates
an x86 running a linux binary.  (Ports of valgrind for platforms other
than linux are in development, but as of this writing, valgrind only
works reliably on linux, which in the opinion of the SQLite developers 
means that linux should be the preferred platform for all software development.)
As valgrind runs a linux binary, it looks for all kinds of interesting
errors such as array overruns, reading from uninitialized memory,
stack overflows, memory leaks, and so forth.  Valgrind finds problems
that can easily slip through all of the other tests run against SQLite.
And, when valgrind does find an error, it can dump the developer directly
into a symbolic debugger at the exact point where the error occur, to
facilitate a quick fix.</p>
................................................................................
in SQLite to verify mutexes are held and released at all the right
moments, in order to double-check that SQLite does work correctly
in multi-threaded applications.</p>

<tcl>hd_fragment journaltest</tcl>
<h3>8.5 Journal Tests</h3>

<p>One of the things that SQLite does to ensure that transactions
are atomic across system crashes and power failures is to write
all changes into the rollback journal file prior to changing the
database.  The TCL test harness contains an alternative
[sqlite3_vfs | Virtual File System ] implementation that helps to
verify this is occurring correctly.  The "journal-test VFS" monitors
all disk I/O traffic between the database file and rollback journal,
checking to make sure that nothing is written into the database
................................................................................
excellent job of finding the bugs that are often introduced when
removing compiler warnings, so that product quality is probably not
decreased as a result.</p>

<tcl>hd_fragment summary</tcl>
<h2>10.0 Summary</h2>

<p>SQLite is open source.  This gives many people the idea that
it is not well tested as commercial software and is perhaps unreliable.
But that impression is false.  
SQLite has exhibited very high reliability in the field and
a very low defect rate, especially considering how rapidly it is evolving.
The quality of SQLite is achieved in part by careful code design and
implementation.  But extensive testing also plays a vital role in
maintaining and improving the quality of SQLite.  This document has
summarized the testing procedures that every release of SQLite undergoes
with the hopes of inspiring the reader to understand that SQLite is
suitable for use in mission-critical applications.</p>