Documentation Source Text

  But doing the initial installation and configuration can be
  intimidatingly complex.
}

feature serverless {Serverless} {
  Most SQL database engines are implemented as a separate server
  process.  Programs that want to access the database communicate
  with the server using some kind of interprocess communcation
  (typically TCP/IP) to send requests to the server and to receive
  back results.  SQLite does not work this way.  With SQLite, the
  process that wants to access the database reads and writes
  directly from the database files on disk.  There is no intermediary
  server process.
  <p>
  There are advantages and disadvantages to being serverless.  The
................................................................................
  for setting up the database engine before they are run.  Any program
  that is able to access the disk is able to use an SQLite database.
  <p>
  On the other hand, a database engine that uses a server can provide
  better protection from bugs in the client application - stray pointers
  in a client cannot corrupt memory on the server.  And because a server
  is a single persistent process, it is able control database access with
  more precision, allowing for finer grain locking and better concurrancy.
  <p>
  Most SQL database engines are client/server based.  Of those that are
  serverless, SQLite is the only one that this author knows of that
  allows multiple applications to access the same database at the same time.
}

feature onefile {Single Database File} {
................................................................................
  When optimized for size, the whole SQLite library with everything enabled
  is less than 225KiB in size (as measured on an ix86 using the "size"
  utility from the GNU compiler suite.)  Unneeded features can be disabled
  at compile-time to further reduce the size of the library to under
  170KiB if desired.
  <p>
  Most other SQL database engines are much larger than this.  IBM boasts
  that it's recently released CloudScape database engine is "only" a 2MiB
  jar file - 10 times larger than SQLite even after it is compressed!
  Firebird boasts that it's client-side library is only 350KiB.  That's
  50% larger than SQLite and does not even contain the database engine.
  The Berkeley DB library from Sleepycat is 450KiB and it omits SQL
  support, providing the programmer with only simple key/value pairs.
}

feature typing {Manifest typing} {
  Most SQL database engines use static typing.  A datatype is associated
................................................................................
  complex web of interlinked structures and objects.  In SQLite, the compiled
  form of statements is a short program in a machine-language like
  representation.  Users of the database can view this 
  <a href="opcode.html">virtual machine language</a>
  by prepending the <a href="lang_explain.html">EXPLAIN</a> keyword
  to a query.
  <p>
  The use of a virtual machine in SQLite has been a great benefit to
  library's development.  The virtual machine provides a crisp, well-defined
  junction between the front-end of SQLite (the part that parses SQL
  statements and generates virtual machine code) and the back-end (the
  part that executes the virtual machine code and computes a result.)
  The virtual machine allows the developers to see clearly and in an
  easily readable form what SQLite is trying to do with each statement
  it compiles, which is a tremendous help in debugging.
................................................................................
#  For example, 
#}

feature license {Public domain} {
  The source code for SQLite is in the public domain.  No claim of copyright
  is made on any part of the core source code.  (The documentation and test
  code is a different matter - some sections of documentation and test logic
  are governed by open-sources licenses.)  All contributors to the
  SQLite core software have signed affidavits specifically disavowing any
  copyright interest in the code.  This means that anybody is able to legally
  do anything they want with the SQLite source code.
  <p>
  There are other SQL database engines with liberal licenses that allow
  the code to be broadly and freely used.  But those other engines are
  still governed by copyright law.  SQLite is different in that copyright

  But doing the initial installation and configuration can be
  intimidatingly complex.
}

feature serverless {Serverless} {
  Most SQL database engines are implemented as a separate server
  process.  Programs that want to access the database communicate
  with the server using some kind of interprocess communication
  (typically TCP/IP) to send requests to the server and to receive
  back results.  SQLite does not work this way.  With SQLite, the
  process that wants to access the database reads and writes
  directly from the database files on disk.  There is no intermediary
  server process.
  <p>
  There are advantages and disadvantages to being serverless.  The
................................................................................
  for setting up the database engine before they are run.  Any program
  that is able to access the disk is able to use an SQLite database.
  <p>
  On the other hand, a database engine that uses a server can provide
  better protection from bugs in the client application - stray pointers
  in a client cannot corrupt memory on the server.  And because a server
  is a single persistent process, it is able control database access with
  more precision, allowing for finer grain locking and better concurrency.
  <p>
  Most SQL database engines are client/server based.  Of those that are
  serverless, SQLite is the only one that this author knows of that
  allows multiple applications to access the same database at the same time.
}

feature onefile {Single Database File} {
................................................................................
  When optimized for size, the whole SQLite library with everything enabled
  is less than 225KiB in size (as measured on an ix86 using the "size"
  utility from the GNU compiler suite.)  Unneeded features can be disabled
  at compile-time to further reduce the size of the library to under
  170KiB if desired.
  <p>
  Most other SQL database engines are much larger than this.  IBM boasts
  that its recently released CloudScape database engine is "only" a 2MiB
  jar file - 10 times larger than SQLite even after it is compressed!
  Firebird boasts that its client-side library is only 350KiB.  That's
  50% larger than SQLite and does not even contain the database engine.
  The Berkeley DB library from Sleepycat is 450KiB and it omits SQL
  support, providing the programmer with only simple key/value pairs.
}

feature typing {Manifest typing} {
  Most SQL database engines use static typing.  A datatype is associated
................................................................................
  complex web of interlinked structures and objects.  In SQLite, the compiled
  form of statements is a short program in a machine-language like
  representation.  Users of the database can view this 
  <a href="opcode.html">virtual machine language</a>
  by prepending the <a href="lang_explain.html">EXPLAIN</a> keyword
  to a query.
  <p>
  The use of a virtual machine in SQLite has been a great benefit to the
  library's development.  The virtual machine provides a crisp, well-defined
  junction between the front-end of SQLite (the part that parses SQL
  statements and generates virtual machine code) and the back-end (the
  part that executes the virtual machine code and computes a result.)
  The virtual machine allows the developers to see clearly and in an
  easily readable form what SQLite is trying to do with each statement
  it compiles, which is a tremendous help in debugging.
................................................................................
#  For example, 
#}

feature license {Public domain} {
  The source code for SQLite is in the public domain.  No claim of copyright
  is made on any part of the core source code.  (The documentation and test
  code is a different matter - some sections of documentation and test logic
  are governed by open-source licenses.)  All contributors to the
  SQLite core software have signed affidavits specifically disavowing any
  copyright interest in the code.  This means that anybody is able to legally
  do anything they want with the SQLite source code.
  <p>
  There are other SQL database engines with liberal licenses that allow
  the code to be broadly and freely used.  But those other engines are
  still governed by copyright law.  SQLite is different in that copyright

complex features that enterprise database engines provide.
As it turns out, situations where simplicity is the better choice
are more common than many people realize.
</p>

<p>
Another way to look at SQLite is this:  SQLite is not designed
to replacement <a href="http://www.oracle.com/database/index.html">Oracle</a>.
It is designed to replacement
<a href="http://man.he.net/man3/fopen">fopen()</a>.
</p>

<h2>Situations Where SQLite Works Well</h2>

<ul>

................................................................................
durable, isolated, and consistent.
</p>

<p>
Temporary triggers can be added to the database to record all
changes into a (temporary) undo/redo log table.  These changes can then
be played back when the user presses the Undo and Redo buttons.  Using
this technique, a unlimited depth undo/redo implementation can be written
in surprising little code.
</p>
</li>

<li><p><b>Embedded devices and applications</b></p>

<p>Because an SQLite database requires little or no administration,
SQLite is a good choice for devices or services that must work
................................................................................

<li><p><b>Websites</b></p>

<p>SQLite usually will work great as the database engine for low to
medium traffic websites (which is to say, 99.9% of all websites).
The amount of web traffic that SQLite can handle depends, of course,
on how heavily the website uses its database.  Generally
speaking, any site that gets fewer than a 100000 hits/day should work
fine with SQLite.
The 100000 hits/day figure is a conservative estimate, not a
hard upper bound.
SQLite has been demonstrated to work with 10 times that amount
of traffic.</p>
</li>

<li><p><b>Replacement for <i>ad hoc</i> disk files</b></p>

................................................................................
data can be sliced and diced to generate a myriad of summary
reports.  Possible uses include website log analysis, sports
statistics analysis, compilation of programming metrics, and
analysis of experimental results.
</p>

<p>
You can also do the same thing with a enterprise client/server
database, of course.  The advantages to using SQLite in this situation
are that SQLite is much easier to set up and the resulting database 
is a single file that you can store on a floppy disk or flash-memory stick
or email to a colleague.
</p>
</li>

................................................................................
<li><p><b>Stand-in for an enterprise database during demos or testing</b></p>

<p>
If you are writing a client application for an enterprise database engine,
it makes sense to use a generic database backend that allows you to connect
to many different kinds of SQL database engines.  It makes even better
sense to
go ahead and include SQLite in the mix of supported database and to statically
link the SQLite engine in with the client.  That way the client program
can be used standalone with an SQLite data file for testing or for
demonstrations.
</p>
</li>

<li><p><b>Database Pedagogy</b></p>
................................................................................
in situations where the same database will be accessed simultaneously
from many computers over a network filesystem.</p>
</li>

<li><p><b>High-volume Websites</b></p>

<p>SQLite will normally work fine as the database backend to a website.
But if you website is so busy that your are thinking of splitting the
database component off onto a separate machine, then you should 
definitely consider using an enterprise-class client/server database
engine instead of SQLite.</p>
</li>

<li><p><b>Very large datasets</b></p>

................................................................................
<p>When you start a transaction in SQLite (which happens automatically
before any write operation that is not within an explicit BEGIN...COMMIT)
the engine has to allocate a bitmap of dirty pages in the disk file to
help it manage its rollback journal.  SQLite needs 256 bytes of RAM for
every 1MiB of database (assuming a 1024-byte page size: less memory is
used with larger page sizes, of course).  
For smaller databases, the amount of memory
required is not a problem, but when database begin to grow into the
multi-gigabyte range, the size of the bitmap can get quite large.  If
you need to store and modify more than a few dozen GB of data, you should
consider using a different database engine.
</p>
</li>

<li><p><b>High Concurrency</b></p>

complex features that enterprise database engines provide.
As it turns out, situations where simplicity is the better choice
are more common than many people realize.
</p>

<p>
Another way to look at SQLite is this:  SQLite is not designed
to replace <a href="http://www.oracle.com/database/index.html">Oracle</a>.
It is designed to replace
<a href="http://man.he.net/man3/fopen">fopen()</a>.
</p>

<h2>Situations Where SQLite Works Well</h2>

<ul>

................................................................................
durable, isolated, and consistent.
</p>

<p>
Temporary triggers can be added to the database to record all
changes into a (temporary) undo/redo log table.  These changes can then
be played back when the user presses the Undo and Redo buttons.  Using
this technique, an unlimited depth undo/redo implementation can be written
in surprisingly little code.
</p>
</li>

<li><p><b>Embedded devices and applications</b></p>

<p>Because an SQLite database requires little or no administration,
SQLite is a good choice for devices or services that must work
................................................................................

<li><p><b>Websites</b></p>

<p>SQLite usually will work great as the database engine for low to
medium traffic websites (which is to say, 99.9% of all websites).
The amount of web traffic that SQLite can handle depends, of course,
on how heavily the website uses its database.  Generally
speaking, any site that gets fewer than 100K hits/day should work
fine with SQLite.
The 100K hits/day figure is a conservative estimate, not a
hard upper bound.
SQLite has been demonstrated to work with 10 times that amount
of traffic.</p>
</li>

<li><p><b>Replacement for <i>ad hoc</i> disk files</b></p>

................................................................................
data can be sliced and diced to generate a myriad of summary
reports.  Possible uses include website log analysis, sports
statistics analysis, compilation of programming metrics, and
analysis of experimental results.
</p>

<p>
You can also do the same thing with an enterprise client/server
database, of course.  The advantages to using SQLite in this situation
are that SQLite is much easier to set up and the resulting database 
is a single file that you can store on a floppy disk or flash-memory stick
or email to a colleague.
</p>
</li>

................................................................................
<li><p><b>Stand-in for an enterprise database during demos or testing</b></p>

<p>
If you are writing a client application for an enterprise database engine,
it makes sense to use a generic database backend that allows you to connect
to many different kinds of SQL database engines.  It makes even better
sense to
go ahead and include SQLite in the mix of supported databases and to statically
link the SQLite engine in with the client.  That way the client program
can be used standalone with an SQLite data file for testing or for
demonstrations.
</p>
</li>

<li><p><b>Database Pedagogy</b></p>
................................................................................
in situations where the same database will be accessed simultaneously
from many computers over a network filesystem.</p>
</li>

<li><p><b>High-volume Websites</b></p>

<p>SQLite will normally work fine as the database backend to a website.
But if you website is so busy that you are thinking of splitting the
database component off onto a separate machine, then you should 
definitely consider using an enterprise-class client/server database
engine instead of SQLite.</p>
</li>

<li><p><b>Very large datasets</b></p>

................................................................................
<p>When you start a transaction in SQLite (which happens automatically
before any write operation that is not within an explicit BEGIN...COMMIT)
the engine has to allocate a bitmap of dirty pages in the disk file to
help it manage its rollback journal.  SQLite needs 256 bytes of RAM for
every 1MiB of database (assuming a 1024-byte page size: less memory is
used with larger page sizes, of course).  
For smaller databases, the amount of memory
required is not a problem, but when database begins to grow into the
multi-gigabyte range, the size of the bitmap can get quite large.  If
you need to store and modify more than a few dozen GB of data, you should
consider using a different database engine.
</p>
</li>

<li><p><b>High Concurrency</b></p>