pIndex->aSortOrder = (u8 *)(&pIndex->aiColumn[nCol]);
  pIndex->zName = (char *)(&pIndex->aSortOrder[nCol]);
  zExtra = (char *)(&pIndex->zName[nName+1]);
  memcpy(pIndex->zName, zName, nName+1);
  pIndex->pTable = pTab;
  pIndex->nColumn = pList->nExpr;
  pIndex->onError = (u8)onError;

  pIndex->autoIndex = (u8)(pName==0);
  pIndex->pSchema = db->aDb[iDb].pSchema;
  assert( sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(db, iDb, 0) );

  /* Check to see if we should honor DESC requests on index columns
  */
  if( pDb->pSchema->file_format>=4 ){
................................................................................
    }
    if( !db->init.busy && !sqlite3LocateCollSeq(pParse, zColl) ){
      goto exit_create_index;
    }
    pIndex->azColl[i] = zColl;
    requestedSortOrder = pListItem->sortOrder & sortOrderMask;
    pIndex->aSortOrder[i] = (u8)requestedSortOrder;

  }
  sqlite3DefaultRowEst(pIndex);

  if( pTab==pParse->pNewTable ){
    /* This routine has been called to create an automatic index as a
    ** result of a PRIMARY KEY or UNIQUE clause on a column definition, or
    ** a PRIMARY KEY or UNIQUE clause following the column definitions.

  pIndex->aSortOrder = (u8 *)(&pIndex->aiColumn[nCol]);
  pIndex->zName = (char *)(&pIndex->aSortOrder[nCol]);
  zExtra = (char *)(&pIndex->zName[nName+1]);
  memcpy(pIndex->zName, zName, nName+1);
  pIndex->pTable = pTab;
  pIndex->nColumn = pList->nExpr;
  pIndex->onError = (u8)onError;
  pIndex->uniqNotNull = onError==OE_Abort;
  pIndex->autoIndex = (u8)(pName==0);
  pIndex->pSchema = db->aDb[iDb].pSchema;
  assert( sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(db, iDb, 0) );

  /* Check to see if we should honor DESC requests on index columns
  */
  if( pDb->pSchema->file_format>=4 ){
................................................................................
    }
    if( !db->init.busy && !sqlite3LocateCollSeq(pParse, zColl) ){
      goto exit_create_index;
    }
    pIndex->azColl[i] = zColl;
    requestedSortOrder = pListItem->sortOrder & sortOrderMask;
    pIndex->aSortOrder[i] = (u8)requestedSortOrder;
    if( pTab->aCol[j].notNull==0 ) pIndex->uniqNotNull = 0;
  }
  sqlite3DefaultRowEst(pIndex);

  if( pTab==pParse->pNewTable ){
    /* This routine has been called to create an automatic index as a
    ** result of a PRIMARY KEY or UNIQUE clause on a column definition, or
    ** a PRIMARY KEY or UNIQUE clause following the column definitions.

  u8 *aSortOrder;          /* for each column: True==DESC, False==ASC */
  char **azColl;           /* Array of collation sequence names for index */
  int tnum;                /* DB Page containing root of this index */
  u16 nColumn;             /* Number of columns in table used by this index */
  u8 onError;              /* OE_Abort, OE_Ignore, OE_Replace, or OE_None */
  unsigned autoIndex:2;    /* 1==UNIQUE, 2==PRIMARY KEY, 0==CREATE INDEX */
  unsigned bUnordered:1;   /* Use this index for == or IN queries only */

#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3
  int nSample;             /* Number of elements in aSample[] */
  tRowcnt avgEq;           /* Average nEq value for key values not in aSample */
  IndexSample *aSample;    /* Samples of the left-most key */
#endif
};

................................................................................
typedef u64 Bitmask;

/*
** The number of bits in a Bitmask.  "BMS" means "BitMask Size".
*/
#define BMS  ((int)(sizeof(Bitmask)*8))






/*
** The following structure describes the FROM clause of a SELECT statement.
** Each table or subquery in the FROM clause is a separate element of
** the SrcList.a[] array.
**
** With the addition of multiple database support, the following structure
** can also be used to describe a particular table such as the table that

  u8 *aSortOrder;          /* for each column: True==DESC, False==ASC */
  char **azColl;           /* Array of collation sequence names for index */
  int tnum;                /* DB Page containing root of this index */
  u16 nColumn;             /* Number of columns in table used by this index */
  u8 onError;              /* OE_Abort, OE_Ignore, OE_Replace, or OE_None */
  unsigned autoIndex:2;    /* 1==UNIQUE, 2==PRIMARY KEY, 0==CREATE INDEX */
  unsigned bUnordered:1;   /* Use this index for == or IN queries only */
  unsigned uniqNotNull:1;  /* True if UNIQUE and NOT NULL for all columns */
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3
  int nSample;             /* Number of elements in aSample[] */
  tRowcnt avgEq;           /* Average nEq value for key values not in aSample */
  IndexSample *aSample;    /* Samples of the left-most key */
#endif
};

................................................................................
typedef u64 Bitmask;

/*
** The number of bits in a Bitmask.  "BMS" means "BitMask Size".
*/
#define BMS  ((int)(sizeof(Bitmask)*8))

/*
** A bit in a Bitmask
*/
#define MASKBIT(n)   (((Bitmask)1)<<(n))

/*
** The following structure describes the FROM clause of a SELECT statement.
** Each table or subquery in the FROM clause is a separate element of
** the SrcList.a[] array.
**
** With the addition of multiple database support, the following structure
** can also be used to describe a particular table such as the table that

#define WHERE_BTM_LIMIT    0x00000020  /* x>EXPR or x>=EXPR constraint */
#define WHERE_BOTH_LIMIT   0x00000030  /* Both x>EXPR and x<EXPR */
#define WHERE_IDX_ONLY     0x00000040  /* Use index only - omit table */
#define WHERE_IPK          0x00000100  /* x is the INTEGER PRIMARY KEY */
#define WHERE_INDEXED      0x00000200  /* WhereLoop.u.btree.pIndex is valid */
#define WHERE_VIRTUALTABLE 0x00000400  /* WhereLoop.u.vtab is valid */
#define WHERE_IN_ABLE      0x00000800  /* Able to support an IN operator */
#define WHERE_UNIQUE       0x00001000  /* Selects no more than one row */
#define WHERE_MULTI_OR     0x00002000  /* OR using multiple indices */
#define WHERE_TEMP_INDEX   0x00004000  /* Uses an ephemeral index */
#define WHERE_COVER_SCAN   0x00008000  /* Full scan of a covering index */

/*
** Initialize a preallocated WhereClause structure.
*/
................................................................................
** iCursor is not in the set.
*/
static Bitmask getMask(WhereMaskSet *pMaskSet, int iCursor){
  int i;
  assert( pMaskSet->n<=(int)sizeof(Bitmask)*8 );
  for(i=0; i<pMaskSet->n; i++){
    if( pMaskSet->ix[i]==iCursor ){
      return ((Bitmask)1)<<i;
    }
  }
  return 0;
}

/*
** Create a new mask for cursor iCursor.
................................................................................
  idxCols = 0;
  pLoop->aTerm = sqlite3DbRealloc(pParse->db, pLoop->aTerm,
                                  mxConstraint*sizeof(pLoop->aTerm[0]));
  if( pLoop->aTerm==0 ) return;
  for(pTerm=pWC->a; pTerm<pWCEnd && pLoop->nTerm<mxConstraint; pTerm++){
    if( termCanDriveIndex(pTerm, pSrc, notReady) ){
      int iCol = pTerm->u.leftColumn;
      Bitmask cMask = iCol>=BMS ? ((Bitmask)1)<<(BMS-1) : ((Bitmask)1)<<iCol;
      testcase( iCol==BMS );
      testcase( iCol==BMS-1 );
      if( (idxCols & cMask)==0 ){
        pLoop->aTerm[nColumn++] = pTerm;
        idxCols |= cMask;
      }
    }
................................................................................
  ** covering index.  A "covering index" is an index that contains all
  ** columns that are needed by the query.  With a covering index, the
  ** original table never needs to be accessed.  Automatic indices must
  ** be a covering index because the index will not be updated if the
  ** original table changes and the index and table cannot both be used
  ** if they go out of sync.
  */
  extraCols = pSrc->colUsed & (~idxCols | (((Bitmask)1)<<(BMS-1)));
  mxBitCol = (pTable->nCol >= BMS-1) ? BMS-1 : pTable->nCol;
  testcase( pTable->nCol==BMS-1 );
  testcase( pTable->nCol==BMS-2 );
  for(i=0; i<mxBitCol; i++){
    if( extraCols & (((Bitmask)1)<<i) ) nColumn++;
  }
  if( pSrc->colUsed & (((Bitmask)1)<<(BMS-1)) ){
    nColumn += pTable->nCol - BMS + 1;
  }
  pLoop->wsFlags |= WHERE_COLUMN_EQ | WHERE_IDX_ONLY;

  /* Construct the Index object to describe this index */
  nByte = sizeof(Index);
  nByte += nColumn*sizeof(int);     /* Index.aiColumn */
................................................................................
  pIdx->nColumn = nColumn;
  pIdx->pTable = pTable;
  n = 0;
  idxCols = 0;
  for(pTerm=pWC->a; pTerm<pWCEnd; pTerm++){
    if( termCanDriveIndex(pTerm, pSrc, notReady) ){
      int iCol = pTerm->u.leftColumn;
      Bitmask cMask = iCol>=BMS ? ((Bitmask)1)<<(BMS-1) : ((Bitmask)1)<<iCol;
      if( (idxCols & cMask)==0 ){
        Expr *pX = pTerm->pExpr;
        idxCols |= cMask;
        pIdx->aiColumn[n] = pTerm->u.leftColumn;
        pColl = sqlite3BinaryCompareCollSeq(pParse, pX->pLeft, pX->pRight);
        pIdx->azColl[n] = ALWAYS(pColl) ? pColl->zName : "BINARY";
        n++;
................................................................................
    }
  }
  assert( (u32)n==pLoop->u.btree.nEq );

  /* Add additional columns needed to make the automatic index into
  ** a covering index */
  for(i=0; i<mxBitCol; i++){
    if( extraCols & (((Bitmask)1)<<i) ){
      pIdx->aiColumn[n] = i;
      pIdx->azColl[n] = "BINARY";
      n++;
    }
  }
  if( pSrc->colUsed & (((Bitmask)1)<<(BMS-1)) ){
    for(i=BMS-1; i<pTable->nCol; i++){
      pIdx->aiColumn[n] = i;
      pIdx->azColl[n] = "BINARY";
      n++;
    }
  }
  assert( n==nColumn );
................................................................................
      sqlite3ExprCacheStore(pParse, iCur, -1, iRowidReg);
      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Seek, iCur, iRowidReg);  /* Deferred seek */
    }

    /* Record the instruction used to terminate the loop. Disable 
    ** WHERE clause terms made redundant by the index range scan.
    */
    if( pLoop->wsFlags & WHERE_UNIQUE ){
      pLevel->op = OP_Noop;
    }else if( bRev ){
      pLevel->op = OP_Prev;
    }else{
      pLevel->op = OP_Next;
    }
    pLevel->p1 = iIdxCur;
................................................................................
    if( pTerm->prereqRight & pNew->maskSelf ) continue;
    pNew->wsFlags = savedLoop.wsFlags;
    pNew->u.btree.nEq = savedLoop.u.btree.nEq;
    pNew->nTerm = savedLoop.nTerm;
    if( pNew->nTerm>=pBuilder->mxTerm ) break; /* Repeated column in index */
    pNew->aTerm[pNew->nTerm++] = pTerm;
    pNew->prereq = (savedLoop.prereq | pTerm->prereqRight) & ~pNew->maskSelf;

    if( pTerm->eOperator & WO_IN ){
      Expr *pExpr = pTerm->pExpr;
      pNew->wsFlags |= WHERE_COLUMN_IN;
      if( ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_xIsSelect) ){
        /* "x IN (SELECT ...)":  Assume the SELECT returns 25 rows */
        nIn = 25;
      }else if( ALWAYS(pExpr->x.pList && pExpr->x.pList->nExpr) ){
        /* "x IN (value, value, ...)" */
        nIn = pExpr->x.pList->nExpr;
      }

      pNew->u.btree.nEq++;
      pNew->nOut = (double)iRowEst * nInMul * nIn;
    }else if( pTerm->eOperator & (WO_EQ) ){


      pNew->wsFlags |= WHERE_COLUMN_EQ;
      if( iCol<0 
       || (pProbe->onError==OE_Abort && nInMul==1
           && pNew->u.btree.nEq==pProbe->nColumn-1)
      ){

        pNew->wsFlags |= WHERE_UNIQUE;
      }
      pNew->u.btree.nEq++;
      pNew->nOut = (double)iRowEst * nInMul;
    }else if( pTerm->eOperator & (WO_ISNULL) ){
      pNew->wsFlags |= WHERE_COLUMN_NULL;
      pNew->u.btree.nEq++;

      pNew->nOut = (double)iRowEst * nInMul;
    }else if( pTerm->eOperator & (WO_GT|WO_GE) ){
      pNew->wsFlags |= WHERE_COLUMN_RANGE|WHERE_BTM_LIMIT;
      pBtm = pTerm;
      pTop = 0;
    }else if( pTerm->eOperator & (WO_LT|WO_LE) ){
      pNew->wsFlags |= WHERE_COLUMN_RANGE|WHERE_TOP_LIMIT;
      pTop = pTerm;
      pBtm = (pNew->wsFlags & WHERE_BTM_LIMIT)!=0 ?
                     pNew->aTerm[pNew->nTerm-2] : 0;
    }
    pNew->rRun = rLogSize*nIn;  /* Cost for nIn binary searches */
    if( pNew->wsFlags & WHERE_COLUMN_RANGE ){
      /* Adjust nOut and rRun for STAT3 range values */
      double rDiv;
      whereRangeScanEst(pBuilder->pParse, pProbe, pNew->u.btree.nEq,
                        pBtm, pTop, &rDiv);
      pNew->nOut = savedLoop.nOut/rDiv;
    }
................................................................................
      if( rc ) break;
    }else{
      Bitmask m = pSrc->colUsed;
      int j;
      for(j=pProbe->nColumn-1; j>=0; j--){
        int x = pProbe->aiColumn[j];
        if( x<BMS-1 ){
          m &= ~(((Bitmask)1)<<x);
        }
      }
      pNew->wsFlags = (m==0) ? (WHERE_IDX_ONLY|WHERE_INDEXED) : WHERE_INDEXED;

      /* Full scan via index */
      if( (m==0 || b)
       && pProbe->bUnordered==0
................................................................................
whereLoopAddAll_end:
  whereLoopDelete(db, pBuilder->pNew);
  pBuilder->pNew = 0;
  return rc;
}

/*
** Examine a WherePath (with the addition of the extra WhereLoop of the 4th
** parameters) to see if it outputs rows in the requested ORDER BY
** (or GROUP BY) without requiring a separate source operation.  Return:
** 
**    0:  ORDER BY is not satisfied.  Sorting required
**    1:  ORDER BY is satisfied.      Omit sorting
**   -1:  Unknown at this time
**
*/
static int wherePathSatisfiesOrderBy(
  WhereInfo *pWInfo,    /* The WHERE clause */
  WherePath *pPath,     /* The WherePath to check */
  int nLoop,            /* Number of entries in pPath->aLoop[] */
  int isLastLoop,       /* True for the very last loop */
  WhereLoop *pLast,     /* Add this WhereLoop to the end of pPath->aLoop[] */
  Bitmask *pRevMask     /* Mask of WhereLoops to run in reverse order */
){
  u8 revSet;            /* True if rev is known */
  u8 rev;               /* Composite sort order */
  u8 revIdx;            /* Index sort order */
  u8 isOneRow;          /* Current WhereLoop is a one-row loop */
  u8 requireOneRow = 0; /* All subsequent loops must be one-row */
  u8 isUniqueIdx;       /* Current WhereLoop uses a unique index */
  u16 nColumn;


  u16 nOrderBy;
  int i, j;
  int nUsed = 0;
  int iCur;
  int iColumn;
  WhereLoop *pLoop;
  ExprList *pOrderBy = pWInfo->pOrderBy;


  Expr *pOBExpr;
  CollSeq *pColl;
  Index *pIndex;
  sqlite3 *db = pWInfo->pParse->db;

  Bitmask revMask = 0;




  /*
  ** We say the WhereLoop is "one-row" if all of the following are true:

  **  (a) All index columns match with WHERE_COLUMN_EQ.
  **  (b) The index is unique
  **
  ** General rules:  (not an algorithm!)
  **
  **  (1) If the current WhereLoop is one-row, then match over any and all
  **      ORDER BY terms for the current WhereLoop and proceed to the next
  **      WhereLoop.
  **
  **  (2) If the current WhereLoop is not one-row, then all subsequent
  **      WhereLoops must be one-row.
  **
  **  (3) Optionally match any ORDER BY terms against the first nEq columns
  **      of the index.
  **
  **  (4) Index columns past nEq must match ORDER BY terms one-for-one.
  **
  **  (5) If all columns of a UNIQUE index have been matched against ORDER BY
  **      terms, then any subsequent entries in the ORDER BY clause against the
  **      same table can be skipped.
  */

  assert( pOrderBy!=0 );

  /* Sortability of virtual tables is determined by the xBestIndex method
  ** of the virtual table itself */
  if( pLast->wsFlags & WHERE_VIRTUALTABLE ){
    assert( nLoop==0 );

    return pLast->u.vtab.isOrdered;
  }


  /* Sorting is always required if any term of the ORDER BY is not a 
  ** column reference */
  nOrderBy = pOrderBy->nExpr;
#if 0
  for(i=0; i<nOrderBy; i++){
    pOBExpr = sqlite3ExprSkipCollate(pOrderBy->a[i].pExpr);
    if( pOBExpr->op!=TK_COLUMN ) return 0;
  }

#endif
    
  for(i=0; i<=nLoop && nUsed<nOrderBy; i++){
    pLoop = i<nLoop ? pPath->aLoop[i] : pLast;
    assert( (pLoop->wsFlags & WHERE_VIRTUALTABLE)==0 );
    isOneRow = isUniqueIdx = 1;

    if( pLoop->wsFlags & WHERE_IPK ){
      if( (pLoop->wsFlags & WHERE_COLUMN_IN)!=0 ) isOneRow = 0;
      if( pLoop->u.btree.nEq!=1 ) isOneRow = 0;
      pIndex = 0;
      nColumn = 0;
    }else if( (pIndex = pLoop->u.btree.pIndex)==0 || pIndex->bUnordered ){
      return 0;
    }else{
      nColumn = pIndex->nColumn;
      if( pIndex->onError==OE_None ){
        isOneRow = isUniqueIdx = 0;
      }else if( (pLoop->wsFlags & (WHERE_COLUMN_IN|WHERE_COLUMN_RANGE
                                   |WHERE_COLUMN_NULL))!=0 ){
        isOneRow = 0;
      }else if( pLoop->u.btree.nEq < pIndex->nColumn ){
        isOneRow = 0;
      }
    }
    if( !isOneRow && requireOneRow ) return 0;
    requireOneRow = !isOneRow;
    iCur = pWInfo->pTabList->a[pLoop->iTab].iCursor;
    j = 0;
    revSet = rev = 0;
    for(j=0; j<=nColumn && nUsed<nOrderBy; j++, nUsed++){
      int skipable;










      pOBExpr = sqlite3ExprSkipCollate(pOrderBy->a[nUsed].pExpr);
      if( pOBExpr->op!=TK_COLUMN ) return 0;
      if( pOBExpr->iTable!=iCur ) break;
      if( isOneRow ){ j--; continue; }



























      if( j<nColumn ){
        /* Normal index columns */
        iColumn = pIndex->aiColumn[j];
        revIdx = pIndex->aSortOrder[j];
        if( iColumn==pIndex->pTable->iPKey ) iColumn = -1;
      }else{
        /* The ROWID column at the end */
        iColumn = -1;
        revIdx = 0;
      }





      skipable = j<pLoop->u.btree.nEq && pLoop->aTerm[j]->eOperator!=WO_IN;
      if( pOBExpr->iColumn!=iColumn ){
        if( skipable ){ nUsed--; continue; }
        return 0;



      }












      if( iColumn>=0 ){
        pColl = sqlite3ExprCollSeq(pWInfo->pParse, pOrderBy->a[nUsed].pExpr);
        if( !pColl ) pColl = db->pDfltColl;
        if( sqlite3StrICmp(pColl->zName, pIndex->azColl[j])!=0 ){
          return 0;
        }


      }
      if( !skipable ){






        if( revSet ){
          if( (rev ^ revIdx)!=pOrderBy->a[nUsed].sortOrder ) return 0;
        }else{
          rev = revIdx ^ pOrderBy->a[nUsed].sortOrder;

          revSet = 1;
        }
      }
      if( j>=nColumn-1 && isUniqueIdx ){
        if( isLastLoop && i==nLoop ) break;
        j--;
        isOneRow = 1;




      }

    }
    if( rev ) revMask |= ((Bitmask)1)<<i;


  }
  if( isLastLoop || nUsed==nOrderBy ){
    *pRevMask = revMask;
    return 1;









  }






  return -1;
}

#ifdef WHERETRACE_ENABLED
/* For debugging use only: */
static const char *wherePathName(WherePath *pPath, int nLoop, WhereLoop *pLast){
  static char zName[65];
................................................................................
#if 0  /* FIXME: Add this back in? */
  /* If the caller is an UPDATE or DELETE statement that is requesting
  ** to use a one-pass algorithm, determine if this is appropriate.
  ** The one-pass algorithm only works if the WHERE clause constraints
  ** the statement to update a single row.
  */
  assert( (wctrlFlags & WHERE_ONEPASS_DESIRED)==0 || pWInfo->nLevel==1 );
  if( (wctrlFlags & WHERE_ONEPASS_DESIRED)!=0 && (andFlags & WHERE_UNIQUE)!=0 ){
    pWInfo->okOnePass = 1;
    pWInfo->a[0].plan.wsFlags &= ~WHERE_IDX_ONLY;
  }
#endif

  /* Open all tables in the pTabList and any indices selected for
  ** searching those tables.

#define WHERE_BTM_LIMIT    0x00000020  /* x>EXPR or x>=EXPR constraint */
#define WHERE_BOTH_LIMIT   0x00000030  /* Both x>EXPR and x<EXPR */
#define WHERE_IDX_ONLY     0x00000040  /* Use index only - omit table */
#define WHERE_IPK          0x00000100  /* x is the INTEGER PRIMARY KEY */
#define WHERE_INDEXED      0x00000200  /* WhereLoop.u.btree.pIndex is valid */
#define WHERE_VIRTUALTABLE 0x00000400  /* WhereLoop.u.vtab is valid */
#define WHERE_IN_ABLE      0x00000800  /* Able to support an IN operator */
#define WHERE_ONEROW       0x00001000  /* Selects no more than one row */
#define WHERE_MULTI_OR     0x00002000  /* OR using multiple indices */
#define WHERE_TEMP_INDEX   0x00004000  /* Uses an ephemeral index */
#define WHERE_COVER_SCAN   0x00008000  /* Full scan of a covering index */

/*
** Initialize a preallocated WhereClause structure.
*/
................................................................................
** iCursor is not in the set.
*/
static Bitmask getMask(WhereMaskSet *pMaskSet, int iCursor){
  int i;
  assert( pMaskSet->n<=(int)sizeof(Bitmask)*8 );
  for(i=0; i<pMaskSet->n; i++){
    if( pMaskSet->ix[i]==iCursor ){
      return MASKBIT(i);
    }
  }
  return 0;
}

/*
** Create a new mask for cursor iCursor.
................................................................................
  idxCols = 0;
  pLoop->aTerm = sqlite3DbRealloc(pParse->db, pLoop->aTerm,
                                  mxConstraint*sizeof(pLoop->aTerm[0]));
  if( pLoop->aTerm==0 ) return;
  for(pTerm=pWC->a; pTerm<pWCEnd && pLoop->nTerm<mxConstraint; pTerm++){
    if( termCanDriveIndex(pTerm, pSrc, notReady) ){
      int iCol = pTerm->u.leftColumn;
      Bitmask cMask = iCol>=BMS ? MASKBIT(BMS-1) : MASKBIT(iCol);
      testcase( iCol==BMS );
      testcase( iCol==BMS-1 );
      if( (idxCols & cMask)==0 ){
        pLoop->aTerm[nColumn++] = pTerm;
        idxCols |= cMask;
      }
    }
................................................................................
  ** covering index.  A "covering index" is an index that contains all
  ** columns that are needed by the query.  With a covering index, the
  ** original table never needs to be accessed.  Automatic indices must
  ** be a covering index because the index will not be updated if the
  ** original table changes and the index and table cannot both be used
  ** if they go out of sync.
  */
  extraCols = pSrc->colUsed & (~idxCols | MASKBIT(BMS-1));
  mxBitCol = (pTable->nCol >= BMS-1) ? BMS-1 : pTable->nCol;
  testcase( pTable->nCol==BMS-1 );
  testcase( pTable->nCol==BMS-2 );
  for(i=0; i<mxBitCol; i++){
    if( extraCols & MASKBIT(i) ) nColumn++;
  }
  if( pSrc->colUsed & MASKBIT(BMS-1) ){
    nColumn += pTable->nCol - BMS + 1;
  }
  pLoop->wsFlags |= WHERE_COLUMN_EQ | WHERE_IDX_ONLY;

  /* Construct the Index object to describe this index */
  nByte = sizeof(Index);
  nByte += nColumn*sizeof(int);     /* Index.aiColumn */
................................................................................
  pIdx->nColumn = nColumn;
  pIdx->pTable = pTable;
  n = 0;
  idxCols = 0;
  for(pTerm=pWC->a; pTerm<pWCEnd; pTerm++){
    if( termCanDriveIndex(pTerm, pSrc, notReady) ){
      int iCol = pTerm->u.leftColumn;
      Bitmask cMask = iCol>=BMS ? MASKBIT(BMS-1) : MASKBIT(iCol);
      if( (idxCols & cMask)==0 ){
        Expr *pX = pTerm->pExpr;
        idxCols |= cMask;
        pIdx->aiColumn[n] = pTerm->u.leftColumn;
        pColl = sqlite3BinaryCompareCollSeq(pParse, pX->pLeft, pX->pRight);
        pIdx->azColl[n] = ALWAYS(pColl) ? pColl->zName : "BINARY";
        n++;
................................................................................
    }
  }
  assert( (u32)n==pLoop->u.btree.nEq );

  /* Add additional columns needed to make the automatic index into
  ** a covering index */
  for(i=0; i<mxBitCol; i++){
    if( extraCols & MASKBIT(i) ){
      pIdx->aiColumn[n] = i;
      pIdx->azColl[n] = "BINARY";
      n++;
    }
  }
  if( pSrc->colUsed & MASKBIT(BMS-1) ){
    for(i=BMS-1; i<pTable->nCol; i++){
      pIdx->aiColumn[n] = i;
      pIdx->azColl[n] = "BINARY";
      n++;
    }
  }
  assert( n==nColumn );
................................................................................
      sqlite3ExprCacheStore(pParse, iCur, -1, iRowidReg);
      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Seek, iCur, iRowidReg);  /* Deferred seek */
    }

    /* Record the instruction used to terminate the loop. Disable 
    ** WHERE clause terms made redundant by the index range scan.
    */
    if( pLoop->wsFlags & WHERE_ONEROW ){
      pLevel->op = OP_Noop;
    }else if( bRev ){
      pLevel->op = OP_Prev;
    }else{
      pLevel->op = OP_Next;
    }
    pLevel->p1 = iIdxCur;
................................................................................
    if( pTerm->prereqRight & pNew->maskSelf ) continue;
    pNew->wsFlags = savedLoop.wsFlags;
    pNew->u.btree.nEq = savedLoop.u.btree.nEq;
    pNew->nTerm = savedLoop.nTerm;
    if( pNew->nTerm>=pBuilder->mxTerm ) break; /* Repeated column in index */
    pNew->aTerm[pNew->nTerm++] = pTerm;
    pNew->prereq = (savedLoop.prereq | pTerm->prereqRight) & ~pNew->maskSelf;
    pNew->rRun = rLogSize;
    if( pTerm->eOperator & WO_IN ){
      Expr *pExpr = pTerm->pExpr;
      pNew->wsFlags |= WHERE_COLUMN_IN;
      if( ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_xIsSelect) ){
        /* "x IN (SELECT ...)":  Assume the SELECT returns 25 rows */
        nIn = 25;
      }else if( ALWAYS(pExpr->x.pList && pExpr->x.pList->nExpr) ){
        /* "x IN (value, value, ...)" */
        nIn = pExpr->x.pList->nExpr;
      }
      pNew->rRun *= nIn;
      pNew->u.btree.nEq++;
      pNew->nOut = (double)iRowEst * nInMul * nIn;
    }else if( pTerm->eOperator & (WO_EQ) ){
      assert( (pNew->wsFlags & (WHERE_COLUMN_NULL|WHERE_COLUMN_IN))!=0
                  || nInMul==1 );
      pNew->wsFlags |= WHERE_COLUMN_EQ;
      if( iCol<0  
       || (pProbe->onError==OE_Abort && nInMul==1
           && pNew->u.btree.nEq==pProbe->nColumn-1)
      ){
        testcase( pNew->wsFlags & WHERE_COLUMN_IN );
        pNew->wsFlags |= WHERE_ONEROW;
      }
      pNew->u.btree.nEq++;
      pNew->nOut = (double)iRowEst * nInMul;
    }else if( pTerm->eOperator & (WO_ISNULL) ){
      pNew->wsFlags |= WHERE_COLUMN_NULL;
      pNew->u.btree.nEq++;
      nIn = 2;  /* Assume IS NULL matches two rows */
      pNew->nOut = (double)iRowEst * nInMul * nIn;
    }else if( pTerm->eOperator & (WO_GT|WO_GE) ){
      pNew->wsFlags |= WHERE_COLUMN_RANGE|WHERE_BTM_LIMIT;
      pBtm = pTerm;
      pTop = 0;
    }else if( pTerm->eOperator & (WO_LT|WO_LE) ){
      pNew->wsFlags |= WHERE_COLUMN_RANGE|WHERE_TOP_LIMIT;
      pTop = pTerm;
      pBtm = (pNew->wsFlags & WHERE_BTM_LIMIT)!=0 ?
                     pNew->aTerm[pNew->nTerm-2] : 0;
    }

    if( pNew->wsFlags & WHERE_COLUMN_RANGE ){
      /* Adjust nOut and rRun for STAT3 range values */
      double rDiv;
      whereRangeScanEst(pBuilder->pParse, pProbe, pNew->u.btree.nEq,
                        pBtm, pTop, &rDiv);
      pNew->nOut = savedLoop.nOut/rDiv;
    }
................................................................................
      if( rc ) break;
    }else{
      Bitmask m = pSrc->colUsed;
      int j;
      for(j=pProbe->nColumn-1; j>=0; j--){
        int x = pProbe->aiColumn[j];
        if( x<BMS-1 ){
          m &= ~MASKBIT(x);
        }
      }
      pNew->wsFlags = (m==0) ? (WHERE_IDX_ONLY|WHERE_INDEXED) : WHERE_INDEXED;

      /* Full scan via index */
      if( (m==0 || b)
       && pProbe->bUnordered==0
................................................................................
whereLoopAddAll_end:
  whereLoopDelete(db, pBuilder->pNew);
  pBuilder->pNew = 0;
  return rc;
}

/*
** Examine a WherePath (with the addition of the extra WhereLoop of the 5th
** parameters) to see if it outputs rows in the requested ORDER BY
** (or GROUP BY) without requiring a separate source operation.  Return:
** 
**    0:  ORDER BY is not satisfied.  Sorting required
**    1:  ORDER BY is satisfied.      Omit sorting
**   -1:  Unknown at this time
**
*/
static int wherePathSatisfiesOrderBy(
  WhereInfo *pWInfo,    /* The WHERE clause */
  WherePath *pPath,     /* The WherePath to check */
  int nLoop,            /* Number of entries in pPath->aLoop[] */
  int isLastLoop,       /* True if pLast is the inner-most loop */
  WhereLoop *pLast,     /* Add this WhereLoop to the end of pPath->aLoop[] */
  Bitmask *pRevMask     /* Mask of WhereLoops to run in reverse order */
){
  u8 revSet;            /* True if rev is known */
  u8 rev;               /* Composite sort order */
  u8 revIdx;            /* Index sort order */
  u8 isWellOrdered;     /* All WhereLoops are well-ordered so far */


  u16 nColumn;          /* Number of columns in pIndex */
  u16 nOrderBy;         /* Number terms in the ORDER BY clause */
  int iLoop;            /* Index of WhereLoop in pPath being processed */
  int i, j;             /* Loop counters */
  int iCur;             /* Cursor number for current WhereLoop */
  int iColumn;          /* A column number within table iCur */


  WhereLoop *pLoop;     /* Current WhereLoop being processed. */
  ExprList *pOrderBy = pWInfo->pOrderBy;  /* the ORDER BY clause */
  WhereTerm *pTerm;     /* A single term of the WHERE clause */
  Expr *pOBExpr;        /* An expression from the ORDER BY clause */
  CollSeq *pColl;       /* COLLATE function from an ORDER BY clause term */

  Index *pIndex;        /* The index associated with pLoop */
  sqlite3 *db = pWInfo->pParse->db;  /* Database connection */
  Bitmask obSat = 0;    /* Mask of ORDER BY terms satisfied so far */
  Bitmask obDone;       /* Mask of all ORDER BY terms */
  Bitmask orderedMask;  /* Mask of all well-ordered loops */
  WhereMaskSet *pMaskSet; /* WhereMaskSet object for this where clause */
  

  /*
  ** We say the WhereLoop is "one-row" if it generates no more than one
  ** row of output.  A WhereLoop is one-row if all of the following are true:
  **  (a) All index columns match with WHERE_COLUMN_EQ.
  **  (b) The index is unique




  ** Any WhereLoop with an WHERE_COLUMN_EQ constraint on the rowid is one-row.
  ** Every one-row WhereLoop will have the WHERE_ONEROW bit set in wsFlags.
  **
  ** We say the WhereLoop is "well-ordered" if
  **  (i)  it satisfies at least one term of the ORDER BY clause, and
  **  (ii) every row output is distinct over the terms that match the
  **       ORDER BY clause.
  ** Every one-row WhereLoop is automatically well-ordered, even if it
  ** does not match any terms of the ORDER BY clause.
  ** For condition (ii), be mindful that a UNIQUE column can have multiple
  ** rows that are NULL and so it not necessarily distinct.  The column
  ** must be UNIQUE and NOT NULL. in order to be well-ordered.


  */

  assert( pOrderBy!=0 );

  /* Sortability of virtual tables is determined by the xBestIndex method
  ** of the virtual table itself */
  if( pLast->wsFlags & WHERE_VIRTUALTABLE ){
    testcase( nLoop>0 );  /* True when outer loops are one-row and match 
                          ** no ORDER BY terms */
    return pLast->u.vtab.isOrdered;
  }
  if( nLoop && OptimizationDisabled(db, SQLITE_OrderByIdxJoin) ) return 0;



  nOrderBy = pOrderBy->nExpr;
  if( nOrderBy>60 ) return 0;
  isWellOrdered = 1;
  obDone = MASKBIT(nOrderBy)-1;
  orderedMask = 0;

  pMaskSet = pWInfo->pWC->pMaskSet;
  for(iLoop=0; isWellOrdered && obSat<obDone && iLoop<=nLoop; iLoop++){


    pLoop = iLoop<nLoop ? pPath->aLoop[iLoop] : pLast;
    assert( (pLoop->wsFlags & WHERE_VIRTUALTABLE)==0 );

    iCur = pWInfo->pTabList->a[pLoop->iTab].iCursor;
    if( (pLoop->wsFlags & WHERE_ONEROW)==0 ){
      if( pLoop->wsFlags & WHERE_IPK ){

        pIndex = 0;
        nColumn = 0;
      }else if( (pIndex = pLoop->u.btree.pIndex)==0 || pIndex->bUnordered ){
        return 0;
      }else{
        nColumn = pIndex->nColumn;







      }








      /* For every term of the index that is constrained by == or IS NULL
      ** mark off corresponding ORDER BY terms wherever they occur
      ** in the ORDER BY clause.
      */
      for(i=0; i<pLoop->u.btree.nEq; i++){
        pTerm = pLoop->aTerm[i];
        if( (pTerm->eOperator & (WO_EQ|WO_ISNULL))==0 ) continue;
        iColumn = pTerm->u.leftColumn;
        for(j=0; j<nOrderBy; j++){
          if( MASKBIT(j) & obSat ) continue;
          pOBExpr = sqlite3ExprSkipCollate(pOrderBy->a[j].pExpr);
          if( pOBExpr->op!=TK_COLUMN ) continue;
          if( pOBExpr->iTable!=iCur ) continue;

          if( pOBExpr->iColumn!=iColumn ) continue;
          if( iColumn>=0 ){
            pColl = sqlite3ExprCollSeq(pWInfo->pParse, pOrderBy->a[j].pExpr);
            if( !pColl ) pColl = db->pDfltColl;
            if( sqlite3StrICmp(pColl->zName, pIndex->azColl[i])!=0 ) continue;
          }
          obSat |= MASKBIT(j);
        }
        if( obSat==obDone ) return 1;
      }

      /* Loop through all columns of the index and deal with the ones
      ** that are not constrained by == or IN.
      */
      rev = revSet = 0;
      for(j=0; j<=nColumn; j++){
        u8 bOnce;   /* True to run the ORDER BY search loop */

        if( j<pLoop->u.btree.nEq
         && (pLoop->aTerm[j]->eOperator & (WO_EQ|WO_ISNULL))!=0
        ){
          continue;  /* Skip == and IS NULL terms already processed */
        }

        /* Get the column number in the table and sort order for the
        ** j-th column of the index for this WhereLoop
        */
        if( j<nColumn ){
          /* Normal index columns */
          iColumn = pIndex->aiColumn[j];
          revIdx = pIndex->aSortOrder[j];
          if( iColumn==pIndex->pTable->iPKey ) iColumn = -1;
        }else{
          /* The ROWID column at the end */
          iColumn = -1;
          revIdx = 0;
        }

        /* An unconstrained column that might be NULL means that this
        ** WhereLoop is not well-ordered 
        */
        if( iColumn>=0
         && j>=pLoop->u.btree.nEq



         && pIndex->pTable->aCol[iColumn].notNull==0
        ){
          isWellOrdered = 0;
        }

        /* Find the ORDER BY term that corresponds to the j-th column
        ** of the index and and mark that ORDER BY term off 
        */
        bOnce = 1;
        for(i=0; bOnce && i<nOrderBy; i++){
          if( MASKBIT(i) & obSat ) continue;
          pOBExpr = sqlite3ExprSkipCollate(pOrderBy->a[i].pExpr);
          if( pOBExpr->op!=TK_COLUMN ) continue;
          if( (pWInfo->wctrlFlags & WHERE_GROUPBY)==0 ) bOnce = 0;
          if( pOBExpr->iTable!=iCur ) continue;
          if( pOBExpr->iColumn!=iColumn ) continue;
          if( iColumn>=0 ){
            pColl = sqlite3ExprCollSeq(pWInfo->pParse, pOrderBy->a[i].pExpr);
            if( !pColl ) pColl = db->pDfltColl;
            if( sqlite3StrICmp(pColl->zName, pIndex->azColl[j])!=0 ) continue;

          }
          bOnce = 1;
          break;
        }

        if( bOnce && i<nOrderBy ){
          if( iColumn<0 ) isWellOrdered = 1;
          obSat |= MASKBIT(i);
          if( (pWInfo->wctrlFlags & WHERE_GROUPBY)==0 ){
            /* If we have an ORDER BY clause, we must match the next available
            ** column of the ORDER BY */
            if( revSet ){
              if( (rev ^ revIdx)!=pOrderBy->a[i].sortOrder ) return 0;
            }else{
              rev = revIdx ^ pOrderBy->a[i].sortOrder;
              if( rev ) *pRevMask |= MASKBIT(iLoop);
              revSet = 1;
            }
          }




        }else{
          /* No match found */
          if( j<nColumn || pIndex==0 || pIndex->onError!=OE_Abort ){
            isWellOrdered = 0;
          }
          break;
        }

      } /* end Loop over all index columns */
    } /* end-if not one-row */




    /* Mark off any other ORDER BY terms that reference pLoop */
    if( isWellOrdered ){
      orderedMask |= pLoop->maskSelf;
      for(i=0; i<nOrderBy; i++){
        Expr *p;
        if( MASKBIT(i) & obSat ) continue;
        p = pOrderBy->a[i].pExpr;
        if( (exprTableUsage(pMaskSet, p)&~orderedMask)==0 ){
          obSat |= MASKBIT(i);
        }
      }
    }
  }
  if( obSat==obDone ) return 1;
  if( !isWellOrdered ) return 0;
  if( isLastLoop ) return 1;
  return -1;
}

#ifdef WHERETRACE_ENABLED
/* For debugging use only: */
static const char *wherePathName(WherePath *pPath, int nLoop, WhereLoop *pLast){
  static char zName[65];
................................................................................
#if 0  /* FIXME: Add this back in? */
  /* If the caller is an UPDATE or DELETE statement that is requesting
  ** to use a one-pass algorithm, determine if this is appropriate.
  ** The one-pass algorithm only works if the WHERE clause constraints
  ** the statement to update a single row.
  */
  assert( (wctrlFlags & WHERE_ONEPASS_DESIRED)==0 || pWInfo->nLevel==1 );
  if( (wctrlFlags & WHERE_ONEPASS_DESIRED)!=0 && (andFlags & WHERE_ONEROW)!=0 ){
    pWInfo->okOnePass = 1;
    pWInfo->a[0].plan.wsFlags &= ~WHERE_IDX_ONLY;
  }
#endif

  /* Open all tables in the pTabList and any indices selected for
  ** searching those tables.

} {null/four null/three a/one b/two}

do_execsql_test 1.3 {
  CREATE UNIQUE INDEX i1 ON t8(b);
  SELECT coalesce(b, 'null') || '/' || c FROM t8 x ORDER BY x.b, x.c
} {null/four null/three a/one b/two}







#-------------------------------------------------------------------------
#

do_execsql_test 2.1 {
  CREATE TABLE t2(a, b NOT NULL, c);
  CREATE UNIQUE INDEX t2ab ON t2(a, b);
  CREATE UNIQUE INDEX t2ba ON t2(b, a);
................................................................................
} {sort}

do_test 2.4 {
  cksort { SELECT * FROM t2 WHERE a IS NULL ORDER BY a, b, c }
} {sort}

finish_test

} {null/four null/three a/one b/two}

do_execsql_test 1.3 {
  CREATE UNIQUE INDEX i1 ON t8(b);
  SELECT coalesce(b, 'null') || '/' || c FROM t8 x ORDER BY x.b, x.c
} {null/four null/three a/one b/two}

do_execsql_test 1.4 {
  DROP INDEX t8;
  CREATE UNIQUE INDEX i1 ON t8(b, c);
  SELECT coalesce(b, 'null') || '/' || c FROM t8 x ORDER BY x.b, x.c
} {null/four null/three a/one b/two}

#-------------------------------------------------------------------------
#

do_execsql_test 2.1 {
  CREATE TABLE t2(a, b NOT NULL, c);
  CREATE UNIQUE INDEX t2ab ON t2(a, b);
  CREATE UNIQUE INDEX t2ba ON t2(b, a);
................................................................................
} {sort}

do_test 2.4 {
  cksort { SELECT * FROM t2 WHERE a IS NULL ORDER BY a, b, c }
} {sort}

finish_test