SQLite

/*
** 2011-07-09
**
** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
**
**    May you do good and not evil.
**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
**
*************************************************************************
** This file contains code for the VdbeSorter object, used in concert with
** a VdbeCursor to sort large numbers of keys for CREATE INDEX statements
** or by SELECT statements with ORDER BY clauses that cannot be satisfied
** using indexes and without LIMIT clauses.
**
** The VdbeSorter object implements a multi-threaded external merge sort
** algorithm that is efficient even if the number of element being sorted
** exceeds the available memory.
**

**
**    sqlite3VdbeSorterReset()      Refurbish the VdbeSorter for reuse.  This
**                                  is like Close() followed by Init() only
**                                  much faster.
**
** The interfaces above must be called in a particular order.  Write() can 
** only occur in between Init()/Reset() and Rewind().  Next(), Rowkey(), and
** Compare() can only occur in between Rewind() and Close()/Reset(). i.e.
**
**   Init()
**   for each record: Write()
**   Rewind()
**     Rowkey()/Compare()
**   Next() 
**   Close()
**
** Algorithm:
**
** Records passed to the sorter via calls to Write() are initially held 
** unsorted in main memory. Assuming the amount of memory used never exceeds
** a threshold, when Rewind() is called the set of records is sorted using
** an in-memory merge sort. In this case, no temporary files are required
** and subsequent calls to Rowkey(), Next() and Compare() read records 
** directly from main memory.

**
** If the amount of space used to store records in main memory exceeds the
** threshold, then the set of records currently in memory are sorted and
** written to a temporary file in "Packed Memory Array" (PMA) format.
** A PMA created at this point is known as a "level-0 PMA". Higher levels
** of PMAs may be created by merging existing PMAs together - for example
** merging two or more level-0 PMAs together creates a level-1 PMA.
**
** The threshold for the amount of main memory to use before flushing 
** records to a PMA is roughly the same as the limit configured for the
** page-cache of the main database. Specifically, the threshold is set to 
** the value returned multiplied by "PRAGMA main.page_size" multipled by 
** that returned by "PRAGMA main.cache_size", in bytes.
**
** If the sorter is running in single-threaded mode, then all PMAs generated
** are appended to a single temporary file. Or, if the sorter is running in
** multi-threaded mode then up to (N+1) temporary files may be opened, where
** N is the configured number of worker threads. In this case, instead of
** sorting the records and writing the PMA to a temporary file itself, the
** calling thread usually launches a worker thread to do so. Except, if
** there are already N worker threads running, the main thread does the work
** itself.
**
** The sorter is running in multi-threaded mode if (a) the library was built
** with pre-processor symbol SQLITE_MAX_WORKER_THREADS set to a value greater
** than zero, and (b) worker threads have been enabled at runtime by calling
** sqlite3_config(SQLITE_CONFIG_WORKER_THREADS, ...).
**
** When Rewind() is called, any data remaining in memory is flushed to a 
** final PMA. So at this point the data is stored in some number of sorted
** PMAs within temporary files on disk. Within a single file sorter is 
** running in single threaded mode, or distributed between one or more files
** for multi-threaded sorters.
**
** If there are fewer than SORTER_MAX_MERGE_COUNT PMAs in total and the
** sorter is running in single-threaded mode, then these PMAs are merged
** incrementally as keys are retreived from the sorter by the VDBE. See
** comments above object MergeEngine below for details.
**
** Or, if running in multi-threaded mode, then a background thread is
** launched to merge the existing PMAs. Once the background thread has
** merged T bytes of data into a single sorted PMA, the main thread 
** begins reading keys from that PMA while the background thread proceeds
** with merging the next T bytes of data. And so on.
**
** Parameter T is set to half the value of the memory threshold used 
** by Write() above to determine when to create a new PMA.
**
** If there are more than SORTER_MAX_MERGE_COUNT PMAs in total when 
** Rewind() is called, then a hierarchy of incremental-merges is used. 
** First, T bytes of data from the first SORTER_MAX_MERGE_COUNT PMAs on 
** disk are merged together. Then T bytes of data from the second set, and

** so on, such that no operation ever merges more than SORTER_MAX_MERGE_COUNT
** PMAs at a time. This done is to improve locality.
**

** If running in multi-threaded mode and there are more than
** SORTER_MAX_MERGE_COUNT PMAs on disk when Rewind() is called, then more
** than one background thread may be created. Specifically, there may be
** one background thread for each temporary file on disk, and one background
** thread to merge the output of each of the others to a single PMA for

** the main thread to read from.
*/
#include "sqliteInt.h"
#include "vdbeInt.h"

/* 
** If SQLITE_DEBUG_SORTER_THREADS is defined, this module outputs various
** messages to stderr that may be helpful in understanding the performance
** characteristics of the sorter in multi-threaded mode.
*/
#if 0
# define SQLITE_DEBUG_SORTER_THREADS 1
#endif

/*
** Private objects used by the sorter
*/
typedef struct MergeEngine MergeEngine;     /* Merge PMAs together */
typedef struct PmaReader PmaReader;         /* Incrementally read one PMA */
typedef struct PmaWriter PmaWriter;         /* Incrementally write one PMA */
typedef struct SorterRecord SorterRecord;   /* A record being sorted */
typedef struct SortSubtask SortSubtask;     /* A sub-task in the sort process */
typedef struct SorterFile SorterFile;       /* Temporary file object wrapper */

typedef struct SorterList SorterList;       /* In-memory list of records */
typedef struct IncrMerger IncrMerger;

/*
** A container for a temp file handle and the current amount of data 
** stored in the file.
*/
struct SorterFile {
  sqlite3_file *pFd;              /* File handle */
  i64 iEof;                       /* Bytes of data stored in pFd */
};

/*

















** In memory linked list of records.
*/





struct SorterList {
  SorterRecord *pList;            /* Linked list of records */
  u8 *aMemory;                    /* If non-NULL, blob of memory for pList */
  int szPMA;                      /* Size of pList as PMA in bytes */
};


















































/*
** The MergeEngine object is used to combine two or more smaller PMAs into
** one big PMA using a merge operation.  Separate PMAs all need to be
** combined into one big PMA in order to be able to step through the sorted
** records in order.
**

*/
struct MergeEngine {
  int nTree;                 /* Used size of aTree/aIter (power of 2) */
  int *aTree;                /* Current state of incremental merge */
  PmaReader *aIter;          /* Array of iterators to merge data from */
};

/*
** Exactly VdbeSorter.nTask instances of this object are allocated
** as part of each VdbeSorter object. Instances are never allocated any
** other way. VdbeSorter.nTask is set to the number of worker threads allowed
** (see SQLITE_CONFIG_WORKER_THREADS) plus one (the main thread).
**
** Essentially, this structure contains all those fields of the VdbeSorter
** structure for which each thread requires a separate instance. For example,
** each thread requries its own UnpackedRecord object to unpack records in
** as part of comparison operations.
**
** Before a background thread is launched, variable bDone is set to 0. Then, 
** right before it exits, the thread itself sets bDone to 1. This is used for 
** two purposes:
**
**   1. When flushing the contents of memory to a level-0 PMA on disk, to
**      attempt to select a SortSubtask for which there is not already an
**      active background thread (since doing so causes the main thread
**      to block until it finishes).
**
**   2. If SQLITE_DEBUG_SORTER_THREADS is defined, to determine if a call
**      to sqlite3ThreadJoin() is likely to block. Cases that are likely to
**      block provoke debugging output.
**
** In both cases, the effects of the main thread seeing (bDone==0) even
** after the thread has finished are not dire. So we don't worry about
** memory barriers and such here.
*/
struct SortSubtask {
  SQLiteThread *pThread;          /* Background thread, if any */
  int bDone;                      /* Set if thread is finished but not joined */
  VdbeSorter *pSorter;            /* Sorter that owns this sub-task */
  UnpackedRecord *pUnpacked;      /* Space to unpack a record */
  SorterList list;                /* List for thread to write to a PMA */
  int nPMA;                       /* Number of PMAs currently in file */
  SorterFile file;                /* Temp file for level-0 PMAs */
  SorterFile file2;               /* Space for other PMAs */
};

/*
** Main sorter structure. A single instance of this is allocated for each 
** sorter cursor created by the VDBE.
**
** mxKeysize:
**   As records are added to the sorter by calls to sqlite3VdbeSorterWrite(),
**   this variable is updated so as to be set to the size on disk of the
**   largest record in the sorter.
*/
struct VdbeSorter {
  int mnPmaSize;                  /* Minimum PMA size, in bytes */
  int mxPmaSize;                  /* Maximum PMA size, in bytes.  0==no limit */
  int mxKeysize;                  /* Largest serialized key seen so far */
  int pgsz;                       /* Main database page size */
  PmaReader *pReader;             /* Read data from here after Rewind() */
  MergeEngine *pMerger;           /* Or here, if bUseThreads==0 */
  sqlite3 *db;                    /* Database connection */
  KeyInfo *pKeyInfo;              /* How to compare records */
  UnpackedRecord *pUnpacked;      /* Used by VdbeSorterCompare() */
  SorterList list;                /* List of in-memory records */
  int iMemory;                    /* Offset of free space in list.aMemory */
  int nMemory;                    /* Size of list.aMemory allocation in bytes */
  u8 bUsePMA;                     /* True if one or more PMAs created */
  u8 bUseThreads;                 /* True to use background threads */
  u8 iPrev;                       /* Previous thread used to flush PMA */

};

/*
** Normally, a PmaReader object iterates through an existing PMA stored 
** within a temp file. However, if the PmaReader.pIncr variable points to
** an object of the following type, it may be used to iterate/merge through
** multiple PMAs simultaneously.
**
** There are two types of IncrMerger object - single (bUseThread==0) and 
** multi-threaded (bUseThread==1). 
**
** A multi-threaded IncrMerger object uses two temporary files - aFile[0] 
** and aFile[1]. Neither file is allowed to grow to more than mxSz bytes in 
** size. When the IncrMerger is initialized, it reads enough data from 
** pMerger to populate aFile[0]. It then sets variables within the 
** corresponding PmaReader object to read from that file and kicks off 
** a background thread to populate aFile[1] with the next mxSz bytes of 
** sorted record data from pMerger. 
**
** When the PmaReader reaches the end of aFile[0], it blocks until the
** background thread has finished populating aFile[1]. It then exchanges
** the contents of the aFile[0] and aFile[1] variables within this structure,
** sets the PmaReader fields to read from the new aFile[0] and kicks off
** another background thread to populate the new aFile[1]. And so on, until
** the contents of pMerger are exhausted.
**
** A single-threaded IncrMerger does not open any temporary files of its
** own. Instead, it has exclusive access to mxSz bytes of space beginning
** at offset iStartOff of file pTask->file2. And instead of using a 
** background thread to prepare data for the PmaReader, with a single
** threaded IncrMerger the allocate part of pTask->file2 is "refilled" with
** keys from pMerger by the calling thread whenever the PmaReader runs out
** of data.
*/
struct IncrMerger {
  SortSubtask *pTask;             /* Task that owns this merger */

  MergeEngine *pMerger;           /* Merge engine thread reads data from */
  i64 iStartOff;                  /* Offset to start writing file at */
  int mxSz;                       /* Maximum bytes of data to store */
  int bEof;                       /* Set to true when merge is finished */
  int bUseThread;                 /* True to use a bg thread for this object */
  SorterFile aFile[2];            /* aFile[0] for reading, [1] for writing */
};

/*
** This object is the header on a single record while that record is being
** held in memory and prior to being written out as part of a PMA.
**
** How the linked list is connected depends on how memory is being managed
** by this module. If using a separate allocation for each in-memory record
** (VdbeSorter.list.aMemory==0), then the list is always connected using the
** SorterRecord.u.pNext pointers.
**
** Or, if using the single large allocation method (VdbeSorter.list.aMemory!=0),
** then while records are being accumulated the list is linked using the
** SorterRecord.u.iNext offset. This is because the aMemory[] array may
** be sqlite3Realloc()ed while records are being accumulated. Once the VM
** has finished passing records to the sorter, or when the in-memory buffer
** is full, the list is sorted. As part of the sorting process, it is
** converted to use the SorterRecord.u.pNext pointers. See function
** vdbeSorterSort() for details.

** page size in bytes.  */
#define SORTER_MIN_WORKING 10

/* Maximum number of PMAs that a single MergeEngine can merge */
#define SORTER_MAX_MERGE_COUNT 16

static int vdbeIncrSwap(IncrMerger*);
static void vdbeIncrFree(IncrMerger *);

/*
** Free all memory belonging to the PmaReader object passed as the second
** argument. All structure fields are set to zero before returning.
*/
static void vdbePmaReaderClear(PmaReader *pIter){
  sqlite3_free(pIter->aAlloc);

      sqlite3GetVarint(aVarint, pnOut);
    }
  }

  return SQLITE_OK;
}

/*
** Attempt to memory map file pFile. If successful, set *pp to point to the
** new mapping and return SQLITE_OK. If the mapping is not attempted 
** (because the file is too large or the VFS layer is configured not to use
** mmap), return SQLITE_OK and set *pp to NULL.
**
** Or, if an error occurs, return an SQLite error code. The final value of
** *pp is undefined in this case.
*/
static int vdbeSorterMapFile(SortSubtask *pTask, SorterFile *pFile, u8 **pp){
  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
  if( pFile->iEof<=(i64)(pTask->pSorter->db->nMaxSorterMmap) ){
    rc = sqlite3OsFetch(pFile->pFd, 0, pFile->iEof, (void**)pp);
  }
  return rc;
}

/*
** Seek iterator pIter to offset iOff within file pFile. Return SQLITE_OK 
** if successful, or an SQLite error code if an error occurs.
*/
static int vdbePmaReaderSeek(

  SortSubtask *pTask,             /* Task context */
  PmaReader *pIter,               /* Iterate to populate */
  SorterFile *pFile,              /* Sorter file to read from */
  i64 iOff                        /* Offset in pFile */
){
  int rc = SQLITE_OK;

  assert( pIter->pIncr==0 || pIter->pIncr->bEof==0 );

  if( pIter->aMap ){
    sqlite3OsUnfetch(pIter->pFile, 0, pIter->aMap);
    pIter->aMap = 0;
  }
  pIter->iReadOff = iOff;
  pIter->iEof = pFile->iEof;
  pIter->pFile = pFile->pFd;

  rc = vdbeSorterMapFile(pTask, pFile, &pIter->aMap);
  if( rc==SQLITE_OK && pIter->aMap==0 ){
    int pgsz = pTask->pSorter->pgsz;

    int iBuf = pIter->iReadOff % pgsz;
    if( pIter->aBuffer==0 ){
      pIter->aBuffer = (u8*)sqlite3Malloc(pgsz);
      if( pIter->aBuffer==0 ) rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
      pIter->nBuffer = pgsz;
    }
    if( iBuf ){
      int nRead = pgsz - iBuf;
      if( (pIter->iReadOff + nRead) > pIter->iEof ){
        nRead = (int)(pIter->iEof - pIter->iReadOff);
      }
      rc = sqlite3OsRead(
          pIter->pFile, &pIter->aBuffer[iBuf], nRead, pIter->iReadOff
      );
      assert( rc!=SQLITE_IOERR_SHORT_READ );
    }
  }


  return rc;
}


/*
** Advance iterator pIter to the next key in its PMA. Return SQLITE_OK if
** no error occurs, or an SQLite error code if one does.
*/
static int vdbePmaReaderNext(PmaReader *pIter){
  int rc = SQLITE_OK;             /* Return Code */
  u64 nRec = 0;                   /* Size of record in bytes */

  if( pIter->iReadOff>=pIter->iEof ){
    IncrMerger *pIncr = pIter->pIncr;
    int bEof = 1;
    if( pIncr ){
      rc = vdbeIncrSwap(pIncr);
      if( rc==SQLITE_OK && pIncr->bEof==0 ){
        rc = vdbePmaReaderSeek(
            pIncr->pTask, pIter, &pIncr->aFile[0], pIncr->iStartOff
        );
        bEof = 0;
      }
    }

    if( bEof ){
      /* This is an EOF condition */
      vdbePmaReaderClear(pIter);

static int vdbePmaReaderInit(
  SortSubtask *pTask,             /* Task context */
  SorterFile *pFile,              /* Sorter file to read from */
  i64 iStart,                     /* Start offset in pFile */
  PmaReader *pIter,               /* Iterator to populate */
  i64 *pnByte                     /* IN/OUT: Increment this value by PMA size */
){
  int rc;


  assert( pFile->iEof>iStart );
  assert( pIter->aAlloc==0 && pIter->nAlloc==0 );
  assert( pIter->aBuffer==0 );












  assert( pIter->aMap==0 );


















  rc = vdbePmaReaderSeek(pTask, pIter, pFile, iStart);
  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
    u64 nByte;                    /* Size of PMA in bytes */

    rc = vdbePmaReadVarint(pIter, &nByte);
    pIter->iEof = pIter->iReadOff + nByte;
    *pnByte += nByte;
  }

  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
    rc = vdbePmaReaderNext(pIter);

static int vdbeSorterCompare(
  SortSubtask *pTask,             /* Subtask context (for pKeyInfo) */
  const void *pKey1, int nKey1,   /* Left side of comparison */
  const void *pKey2, int nKey2    /* Right side of comparison */
){
  UnpackedRecord *r2 = pTask->pUnpacked;
  if( pKey2 ){
    sqlite3VdbeRecordUnpack(pTask->pSorter->pKeyInfo, nKey2, pKey2, r2);
  }
  return sqlite3VdbeRecordCompare(nKey1, pKey1, r2, 0);
}

/*
** This function is called to compare two iterator keys when merging 
** multiple b-tree segments. Parameter iOut is the index of the aTree[] 

  sz = sizeof(VdbeSorter) + nWorker * sizeof(SortSubtask);

  pSorter = (VdbeSorter*)sqlite3DbMallocZero(db, sz + szKeyInfo);
  pCsr->pSorter = pSorter;
  if( pSorter==0 ){
    rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
  }else{
    pSorter->pKeyInfo = pKeyInfo = (KeyInfo*)((u8*)pSorter + sz);
    memcpy(pKeyInfo, pCsr->pKeyInfo, szKeyInfo);
    pKeyInfo->db = 0;
    if( nField && nWorker==0 ) pKeyInfo->nField = nField;
    pSorter->pgsz = pgsz = sqlite3BtreeGetPageSize(db->aDb[0].pBt);

    pSorter->nTask = nWorker + 1;
    pSorter->bUseThreads = (pSorter->nTask>1);
    pSorter->db = db;
    for(i=0; i<pSorter->nTask; i++){
      SortSubtask *pTask = &pSorter->aTask[i];



      pTask->pSorter = pSorter;
    }

    if( !sqlite3TempInMemory(db) ){
      pSorter->mnPmaSize = SORTER_MIN_WORKING * pgsz;
      mxCache = db->aDb[0].pSchema->cache_size;
      if( mxCache<SORTER_MIN_WORKING ) mxCache = SORTER_MIN_WORKING;

# define vdbeSorterRewindDebug(x,y)
# define vdbeSorterPopulateDebug(x,y)
# define vdbeSorterBlockDebug(x,y,z)
#endif

#if SQLITE_MAX_WORKER_THREADS>0
/*
** Join thread pTask->thread.
*/
static int vdbeSorterJoinThread(SortSubtask *pTask){
  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
  if( pTask->pThread ){
#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG_SORTER_THREADS
    int bDone = pTask->bDone;
#endif
    void *pRet;
    vdbeSorterBlockDebug(pTask, !bDone, "enter");
    rc = sqlite3ThreadJoin(pTask->pThread, &pRet);
    vdbeSorterBlockDebug(pTask, !bDone, "exit");
    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ) rc = SQLITE_PTR_TO_INT(pRet);
    assert( pTask->bDone==1 );
    pTask->bDone = 0;
    pTask->pThread = 0;
  }
  return rc;
}

/*
** Launch a background thread to run xTask(pIn).
*/
static int vdbeSorterCreateThread(
  SortSubtask *pTask,             /* Thread will use this task object */
  void *(*xTask)(void*),          /* Routine to run in a separate thread */
  void *pIn                       /* Argument passed into xTask() */
){
  assert( pTask->pThread==0 && pTask->bDone==0 );
  return sqlite3ThreadCreate(&pTask->pThread, xTask, pIn);
}

/*
** Join all outstanding threads launched by SorterWrite() to create 
** level-0 PMAs.
*/
static int vdbeSorterJoinAll(VdbeSorter *pSorter, int rcin){
  int rc = rcin;
  int i;
  for(i=0; i<pSorter->nTask; i++){
    SortSubtask *pTask = &pSorter->aTask[i];
    int rc2 = vdbeSorterJoinThread(pTask);
    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ) rc = rc2;
  }
  return rc;
}
#else
# define vdbeSorterJoinAll(x,rcin) (rcin)
# define vdbeSorterJoinThread(pTask) SQLITE_OK
#endif

/*
** Allocate a new MergeEngine object with space for nIter iterators.
*/
static MergeEngine *vdbeMergeEngineNew(int nIter){
  int N = 2;                      /* Smallest power of two >= nIter */

  if( pMerger ){
    for(i=0; i<pMerger->nTree; i++){
      vdbePmaReaderClear(&pMerger->aIter[i]);
    }
  }
  sqlite3_free(pMerger);
}

/*
** Free all resources associated with the IncrMerger object indicated by
** the first argument.
*/
static void vdbeIncrFree(IncrMerger *pIncr){
  if( pIncr ){
#if SQLITE_MAX_WORKER_THREADS>0
    if( pIncr->bUseThread ){
      vdbeSorterJoinThread(pIncr->pTask);
      if( pIncr->aFile[0].pFd ) sqlite3OsCloseFree(pIncr->aFile[0].pFd);
      if( pIncr->aFile[1].pFd ) sqlite3OsCloseFree(pIncr->aFile[1].pFd);
    }
#endif
    vdbeMergeEngineFree(pIncr->pMerger);
    sqlite3_free(pIncr);
  }
}

/*
** Reset a sorting cursor back to its original empty state.
*/
void sqlite3VdbeSorterReset(sqlite3 *db, VdbeSorter *pSorter){
  int i;
  (void)vdbeSorterJoinAll(pSorter, SQLITE_OK);

  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
    i64 max = SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE;
    sqlite3OsFileControlHint( *ppFile, SQLITE_FCNTL_MMAP_SIZE, (void*)&max);
  }
  return rc;
}

/*
** If it has not already been allocated, allocate the UnpackedRecord 
** structure at pTask->pUnpacked. Return SQLITE_OK if successful (or 
** if no allocation was required), or SQLITE_NOMEM otherwise.
*/
static int vdbeSortAllocUnpacked(SortSubtask *pTask){
  if( pTask->pUnpacked==0 ){
    char *pFree;
    pTask->pUnpacked = sqlite3VdbeAllocUnpackedRecord(
        pTask->pSorter->pKeyInfo, 0, 0, &pFree
    );
    assert( pTask->pUnpacked==(UnpackedRecord*)pFree );
    if( pFree==0 ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
    pTask->pUnpacked->nField = pTask->pSorter->pKeyInfo->nField;
    pTask->pUnpacked->errCode = 0;
  }
  return SQLITE_OK;
}


/*

**       in the PMA (not including the varint itself).
**
**     * One or more records packed end-to-end in order of ascending keys. 
**       Each record consists of a varint followed by a blob of data (the 
**       key). The varint is the number of bytes in the blob of data.
*/
static int vdbeSorterListToPMA(SortSubtask *pTask, SorterList *pList){
  sqlite3 *db = pTask->pSorter->db;
  int rc = SQLITE_OK;             /* Return code */
  PmaWriter writer;               /* Object used to write to the file */

#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
  /* Set iSz to the expected size of file pTask->file after writing the PMA. 
  ** This is used by an assert() statement at the end of this function.  */
  i64 iSz = pList->szPMA + sqlite3VarintLen(pList->szPMA) + pTask->file.iEof;
#endif

  vdbeSorterWorkDebug(pTask, "enter");
  memset(&writer, 0, sizeof(PmaWriter));
  assert( pList->szPMA>0 );

  /* If the first temporary PMA file has not been opened, open it now. */
  if( pTask->file.pFd==0 ){
    rc = vdbeSorterOpenTempFile(db->pVfs, &pTask->file.pFd);
    assert( rc!=SQLITE_OK || pTask->file.pFd );
    assert( pTask->file.iEof==0 );
    assert( pTask->nPMA==0 );
  }

  /* Try to get the file to memory map */
  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
    vdbeSorterExtendFile(db, pTask->file.pFd, pTask->file.iEof+pList->szPMA+9);


  }

  /* Sort the list */
  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
    rc = vdbeSorterSort(pTask, pList);
  }

  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
    SorterRecord *p;
    SorterRecord *pNext = 0;

    vdbePmaWriterInit(pTask->file.pFd, &writer, pTask->pSorter->pgsz,
                      pTask->file.iEof);
    pTask->nPMA++;
    vdbePmaWriteVarint(&writer, pList->szPMA);
    for(p=pList->pList; p; p=pNext){
      pNext = p->u.pNext;
      vdbePmaWriteVarint(&writer, p->nVal);
      vdbePmaWriteBlob(&writer, SRVAL(p), p->nVal);

    *pbEof = (pMerger->aIter[pMerger->aTree[1]].pFile==0);
  }

  return rc;
}

/*
** The main routine for background threads that write level-0 PMAs.
*/
static void *vdbeSorterFlushThread(void *pCtx){
  SortSubtask *pTask = (SortSubtask*)pCtx;
  int rc;                         /* Return code */
  assert( pTask->bDone==0 );
  rc = vdbeSorterListToPMA(pTask, &pTask->list);
  pTask->bDone = 1;
  return SQLITE_INT_TO_PTR(rc);
}

/*
** Flush the current contents of VdbeSorter.list to a new PMA, possibly
** using a background thread.
*/

  ** skip it. If the first (pSorter->nTask-1) sub-tasks are all still busy,
  ** fall back to using the final sub-task. The first (pSorter->nTask-1)
  ** sub-tasks are prefered as they use background threads - the final 
  ** sub-task uses the main thread. */
  for(i=0; i<nWorker; i++){
    int iTest = (pSorter->iPrev + i + 1) % nWorker;
    pTask = &pSorter->aTask[iTest];
    if( pTask->bDone ){
      rc = vdbeSorterJoinThread(pTask);
    }
    if( pTask->pThread==0 || rc!=SQLITE_OK ) break;
  }

  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
    if( i==nWorker ){
      /* Use the foreground thread for this operation */
      rc = vdbeSorterListToPMA(&pSorter->aTask[nWorker], &pSorter->list);
    }else{
      /* Launch a background thread for this operation */
      u8 *aMem = pTask->list.aMemory;
      void *pCtx = (void*)pTask;

      assert( pTask->pThread==0 && pTask->bDone==0 );
      assert( pTask->list.pList==0 );
      assert( pTask->list.aMemory==0 || pSorter->list.aMemory!=0 );

      pSorter->iPrev = (pTask - pSorter->aTask);
      pTask->list = pSorter->list;
      pSorter->list.pList = 0;
      pSorter->list.szPMA = 0;
      if( aMem ){
        pSorter->list.aMemory = aMem;
        pSorter->nMemory = sqlite3MallocSize(aMem);
      }else{
        pSorter->list.aMemory = sqlite3Malloc(pSorter->nMemory);
        if( !pSorter->list.aMemory ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
      }

      rc = vdbeSorterCreateThread(pTask, vdbeSorterFlushThread, pCtx);
    }
  }

  return rc;
#endif
}

** except that the number-of-bytes varint is omitted from the start.
*/
static int vdbeIncrPopulate(IncrMerger *pIncr){
  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
  int rc2;
  i64 iStart = pIncr->iStartOff;
  SorterFile *pOut = &pIncr->aFile[1];
  SortSubtask *pTask = pIncr->pTask;
  MergeEngine *pMerger = pIncr->pMerger;
  PmaWriter writer;
  assert( pIncr->bEof==0 );

  vdbeSorterPopulateDebug(pTask, "enter");

  vdbePmaWriterInit(pOut->pFd, &writer, pTask->pSorter->pgsz, iStart);
  while( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
    int dummy;
    PmaReader *pReader = &pMerger->aIter[ pMerger->aTree[1] ];
    int nKey = pReader->nKey;
    i64 iEof = writer.iWriteOff + writer.iBufEnd;

    /* Check if the output file is full or if the input has been exhausted.
    ** In either case exit the loop. */
    if( pReader->pFile==0 ) break;
    if( (iEof + nKey + sqlite3VarintLen(nKey))>(iStart + pIncr->mxSz) ) break;

    /* Write the next key to the output. */
    vdbePmaWriteVarint(&writer, nKey);
    vdbePmaWriteBlob(&writer, pReader->aKey, nKey);
    rc = vdbeSorterNext(pTask, pIncr->pMerger, &dummy);
  }

  rc2 = vdbePmaWriterFinish(&writer, &pOut->iEof);
  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ) rc = rc2;
  vdbeSorterPopulateDebug(pTask, "exit");
  return rc;
}

#if SQLITE_MAX_WORKER_THREADS>0
/*
** The main routine for background threads that populate aFile[1] of
** multi-threaded IncrMerger objects.
*/
static void *vdbeIncrPopulateThread(void *pCtx){
  IncrMerger *pIncr = (IncrMerger*)pCtx;
  void *pRet = SQLITE_INT_TO_PTR( vdbeIncrPopulate(pIncr) );
  pIncr->pTask->bDone = 1;
  return pRet;
}


/*
** Launch a background thread to populate aFile[1] of pIncr.
*/
static int vdbeIncrBgPopulate(IncrMerger *pIncr){
  void *p = (void*)pIncr;
  assert( pIncr->bUseThread );
  return vdbeSorterCreateThread(pIncr->pTask, vdbeIncrPopulateThread, p);
}
#endif

/*
** This function is called when the PmaReader corresponding to pIncr has
** finished reading the contents of aFile[0]. Its purpose is to "refill"
** aFile[0] such that the iterator should start rereading it from the
** beginning.
**
** For single-threaded objects, this is accomplished by literally reading 
** keys from pIncr->pMerger and repopulating aFile[0]. 
**
** For multi-threaded objects, all that is required is to wait until the 
** background thread is finished (if it is not already) and then swap 
** aFile[0] and aFile[1] in place. If the contents of pMerger have not
** been exhausted, this function also launches a new background thread
** to populate the new aFile[1].
**
** SQLITE_OK is returned on success, or an SQLite error code otherwise.
*/
static int vdbeIncrSwap(IncrMerger *pIncr){
  int rc = SQLITE_OK;

#if SQLITE_MAX_WORKER_THREADS>0
  if( pIncr->bUseThread ){
    rc = vdbeSorterJoinThread(pIncr->pTask);

    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
      SorterFile f0 = pIncr->aFile[0];
      pIncr->aFile[0] = pIncr->aFile[1];
      pIncr->aFile[1] = f0;
    }

      pIncr->bEof = 1;
    }
  }

  return rc;
}

/*
** Allocate and return a new IncrMerger object to read data from pMerger.












*/
static IncrMerger *vdbeIncrNew(SortSubtask *pTask, MergeEngine *pMerger){
  IncrMerger *pIncr = sqlite3_malloc(sizeof(IncrMerger));
  if( pIncr ){
    memset(pIncr, 0, sizeof(IncrMerger));
    pIncr->pMerger = pMerger;
    pIncr->pTask = pTask;
    pIncr->mxSz = MAX(pTask->pSorter->mxKeysize+9,pTask->pSorter->mxPmaSize/2);
    pTask->file2.iEof += pIncr->mxSz;
  }
  return pIncr;
}

/*
** Set the "use-threads" flag on object pIncr.
*/
static void vdbeIncrSetThreads(IncrMerger *pIncr, int bUseThread){
  if( bUseThread ){
    pIncr->bUseThread = 1;
    pIncr->pTask->file2.iEof -= pIncr->mxSz;
  }
}

}

static int vdbeIncrInit2(PmaReader *pIter, int eMode){
  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
  IncrMerger *pIncr = pIter->pIncr;
  if( pIncr ){
    SortSubtask *pTask = pIncr->pTask;
    sqlite3 *db = pTask->pSorter->db;

    rc = vdbeIncrInitMerger(pTask, pIncr->pMerger, eMode);

    /* Set up the required files for pIncr */
    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
      if( pIncr->bUseThread==0 ){
        if( pTask->file2.pFd==0 ){
          rc = vdbeSorterOpenTempFile(db->pVfs, &pTask->file2.pFd);
          assert( pTask->file2.iEof>0 );
          if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
            vdbeSorterExtendFile(db, pTask->file2.pFd, pTask->file2.iEof);
            pTask->file2.iEof = 0;
          }
        }
        if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
          pIncr->aFile[1].pFd = pTask->file2.pFd;
          pIncr->iStartOff = pTask->file2.iEof;
          pTask->file2.iEof += pIncr->mxSz;
        }
      }else{
        rc = vdbeSorterOpenTempFile(db->pVfs, &pIncr->aFile[0].pFd);
        if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
          rc = vdbeSorterOpenTempFile(db->pVfs, &pIncr->aFile[1].pFd);
        }
      }
    }

    if( rc==SQLITE_OK && pIncr->bUseThread ){
      /* Use the current thread */
      assert( eMode==INCRINIT2_ROOT || eMode==INCRINIT2_TASK );

  return rc;
}

#if SQLITE_MAX_WORKER_THREADS>0
static void *vdbeIncrInit2Thread(void *pCtx){
  PmaReader *pReader = (PmaReader*)pCtx;
  void *pRet = SQLITE_INT_TO_PTR( vdbeIncrInit2(pReader, INCRINIT2_TASK) );
  pReader->pIncr->pTask->bDone = 1;
  return pRet;
}

static int vdbeIncrBgInit2(PmaReader *pIter){
  void *pCtx = (void*)pIter;
  return vdbeSorterCreateThread(pIter->pIncr->pTask, vdbeIncrInit2Thread, pCtx);


}
#endif

/*
** Allocate a new MergeEngine object to merge the contents of nPMA level-0
** PMAs from pTask->file. If no error occurs, set *ppOut to point to
** the new object and return SQLITE_OK. Or, if an error does occur, set *ppOut

/*
** Populate iterator *pIter so that it may be used to iterate through all 
** keys stored in all PMAs created by this sorter.
*/
static int vdbePmaReaderIncrInit(VdbeSorter *pSorter){
  SortSubtask *pTask0 = &pSorter->aTask[0];
  MergeEngine *pMain = 0;
  sqlite3 *db = pTask0->pSorter->db;
  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
  int iTask;

  IncrBuilder *aMerge;
  const int nMerge = 32;
  aMerge = sqlite3DbMallocZero(db, sizeof(aMerge[0])*nMerge);
  if( aMerge==0 ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;