** TK_AS operator.  The TK_AS operator causes the expression to be
** evaluated just once and then reused for each alias.
**
** The reason for suppressing the TK_AS term when the expression is a simple
** column reference is so that the column reference will be recognized as
** usable by indices within the WHERE clause processing logic. 
**
** Hack:  The TK_AS operator is inhibited if zType[0]=='G'.  This means
** that in a GROUP BY clause, the expression is evaluated twice.  Hence:
**
**     SELECT random()%5 AS x, count(*) FROM tab GROUP BY x
**
** Is equivalent to:
**
**     SELECT random()%5 AS x, count(*) FROM tab GROUP BY random()%5
**
** The result of random()%5 in the GROUP BY clause is probably different
** from the result in the result-set.  We might fix this someday.  Or
** then again, we might not...

**
** If the reference is followed by a COLLATE operator, then make sure
** the COLLATE operator is preserved.  For example:
**
**     SELECT a+b, c+d FROM t1 ORDER BY 1 COLLATE nocase;
**
** Should be transformed into:
................................................................................
    **
    **     SELECT a+b AS x FROM table WHERE x<10;
    **
    ** In cases like this, replace pExpr with a copy of the expression that
    ** forms the result set entry ("a+b" in the example) and return immediately.
    ** Note that the expression in the result set should have already been
    ** resolved by the time the WHERE clause is resolved.






    */
    if( (pEList = pNC->pEList)!=0
     && zTab==0
     && ((pNC->ncFlags & NC_AsMaybe)==0 || cnt==0)
    ){
      for(j=0; j<pEList->nExpr; j++){
        char *zAs = pEList->a[j].zName;
        if( zAs!=0 && sqlite3StrICmp(zAs, zCol)==0 ){
          Expr *pOrig;
          assert( pExpr->pLeft==0 && pExpr->pRight==0 );
          assert( pExpr->x.pList==0 );
................................................................................
  }
  return 0;
}

/*
** Check every term in the ORDER BY or GROUP BY clause pOrderBy of
** the SELECT statement pSelect.  If any term is reference to a
** result set expression (as determined by the ExprList.a.iCol field)
** then convert that term into a copy of the corresponding result set
** column.
**
** If any errors are detected, add an error message to pParse and
** return non-zero.  Return zero if no errors are seen.
*/
int sqlite3ResolveOrderGroupBy(
................................................................................
  int nResult;                   /* Number of terms in the result set */

  if( pOrderBy==0 ) return 0;
  nResult = pSelect->pEList->nExpr;
  pParse = pNC->pParse;
  for(i=0, pItem=pOrderBy->a; i<pOrderBy->nExpr; i++, pItem++){
    Expr *pE = pItem->pExpr;

    iCol = resolveAsName(pParse, pSelect->pEList, pE);
    if( iCol>0 ){
      /* If an AS-name match is found, mark this ORDER BY column as being
      ** a copy of the iCol-th result-set column.  The subsequent call to
      ** sqlite3ResolveOrderGroupBy() will convert the expression to a
      ** copy of the iCol-th result-set expression. */
      pItem->iOrderByCol = (u16)iCol;
      continue;
    }
    if( sqlite3ExprIsInteger(sqlite3ExprSkipCollate(pE), &iCol) ){
      /* The ORDER BY term is an integer constant.  Again, set the column
      ** number so that sqlite3ResolveOrderGroupBy() will convert the
      ** order-by term to a copy of the result-set expression */
      if( iCol<1 || iCol>0xffff ){
        resolveOutOfRangeError(pParse, zType, i+1, nResult);
        return 1;
      }
................................................................................
    ** expressions in the WHERE clause (etc.) can refer to expressions by
    ** aliases in the result set.
    **
    ** Minor point: If this is the case, then the expression will be
    ** re-evaluated for each reference to it.
    */
    sNC.pEList = p->pEList;
    sNC.ncFlags |= NC_AsMaybe;
    if( sqlite3ResolveExprNames(&sNC, p->pHaving) ) return WRC_Abort;
    if( sqlite3ResolveExprNames(&sNC, p->pWhere) ) return WRC_Abort;
    sNC.ncFlags &= ~NC_AsMaybe;

    /* The ORDER BY and GROUP BY clauses may not refer to terms in
    ** outer queries 
    */
    sNC.pNext = 0;
    sNC.ncFlags |= NC_AllowAgg;

** TK_AS operator.  The TK_AS operator causes the expression to be
** evaluated just once and then reused for each alias.
**
** The reason for suppressing the TK_AS term when the expression is a simple
** column reference is so that the column reference will be recognized as
** usable by indices within the WHERE clause processing logic. 
**
** The TK_AS operator is inhibited if zType[0]=='G'.  This means
** that in a GROUP BY clause, the expression is evaluated twice.  Hence:
**
**     SELECT random()%5 AS x, count(*) FROM tab GROUP BY x
**
** Is equivalent to:
**
**     SELECT random()%5 AS x, count(*) FROM tab GROUP BY random()%5
**
** The result of random()%5 in the GROUP BY clause is probably different
** from the result in the result-set.  On the other hand Standard SQL does
** not allow the GROUP BY clause to contain references to result-set columns.
** So this should never come up in well-formed queries.
**
** If the reference is followed by a COLLATE operator, then make sure
** the COLLATE operator is preserved.  For example:
**
**     SELECT a+b, c+d FROM t1 ORDER BY 1 COLLATE nocase;
**
** Should be transformed into:
................................................................................
    **
    **     SELECT a+b AS x FROM table WHERE x<10;
    **
    ** In cases like this, replace pExpr with a copy of the expression that
    ** forms the result set entry ("a+b" in the example) and return immediately.
    ** Note that the expression in the result set should have already been
    ** resolved by the time the WHERE clause is resolved.
    **
    ** The ability to use an output result-set column in the WHERE, GROUP BY,
    ** or HAVING clauses, or as part of a larger expression in the ORDRE BY
    ** clause is not standard SQL.  This is a (goofy) SQLite extension, that
    ** is supported for backwards compatibility only.  TO DO: Issue a warning
    ** on sqlite3_log() whenever the capability is used.
    */
    if( (pEList = pNC->pEList)!=0
     && zTab==0
     && cnt==0
    ){
      for(j=0; j<pEList->nExpr; j++){
        char *zAs = pEList->a[j].zName;
        if( zAs!=0 && sqlite3StrICmp(zAs, zCol)==0 ){
          Expr *pOrig;
          assert( pExpr->pLeft==0 && pExpr->pRight==0 );
          assert( pExpr->x.pList==0 );
................................................................................
  }
  return 0;
}

/*
** Check every term in the ORDER BY or GROUP BY clause pOrderBy of
** the SELECT statement pSelect.  If any term is reference to a
** result set expression (as determined by the ExprList.a.iOrderByCol field)
** then convert that term into a copy of the corresponding result set
** column.
**
** If any errors are detected, add an error message to pParse and
** return non-zero.  Return zero if no errors are seen.
*/
int sqlite3ResolveOrderGroupBy(
................................................................................
  int nResult;                   /* Number of terms in the result set */

  if( pOrderBy==0 ) return 0;
  nResult = pSelect->pEList->nExpr;
  pParse = pNC->pParse;
  for(i=0, pItem=pOrderBy->a; i<pOrderBy->nExpr; i++, pItem++){
    Expr *pE = pItem->pExpr;
    Expr *pE2 = sqlite3ExprSkipCollate(pE);
    iCol = resolveAsName(pParse, pSelect->pEList, pE2);
    if( iCol>0 ){
      /* If an AS-name match is found, mark this ORDER BY column as being
      ** a copy of the iCol-th result-set column.  The subsequent call to
      ** sqlite3ResolveOrderGroupBy() will convert the expression to a
      ** copy of the iCol-th result-set expression. */
      pItem->iOrderByCol = (u16)iCol;
      continue;
    }
    if( sqlite3ExprIsInteger(pE2, &iCol) ){
      /* The ORDER BY term is an integer constant.  Again, set the column
      ** number so that sqlite3ResolveOrderGroupBy() will convert the
      ** order-by term to a copy of the result-set expression */
      if( iCol<1 || iCol>0xffff ){
        resolveOutOfRangeError(pParse, zType, i+1, nResult);
        return 1;
      }
................................................................................
    ** expressions in the WHERE clause (etc.) can refer to expressions by
    ** aliases in the result set.
    **
    ** Minor point: If this is the case, then the expression will be
    ** re-evaluated for each reference to it.
    */
    sNC.pEList = p->pEList;

    if( sqlite3ResolveExprNames(&sNC, p->pHaving) ) return WRC_Abort;
    if( sqlite3ResolveExprNames(&sNC, p->pWhere) ) return WRC_Abort;


    /* The ORDER BY and GROUP BY clauses may not refer to terms in
    ** outer queries 
    */
    sNC.pNext = 0;
    sNC.ncFlags |= NC_AllowAgg;

/*
** Allowed values for the NameContext, ncFlags field.
*/
#define NC_AllowAgg  0x01    /* Aggregate functions are allowed here */
#define NC_HasAgg    0x02    /* One or more aggregate functions seen */
#define NC_IsCheck   0x04    /* True if resolving names in a CHECK constraint */
#define NC_InAggFunc 0x08    /* True if analyzing arguments to an agg func */
#define NC_AsMaybe   0x10    /* Resolve to AS terms of the result set only
                             ** if no other resolution is available */
#define NC_PartIdx   0x20    /* True if resolving a partial index WHERE */

/*
** An instance of the following structure contains all information
** needed to generate code for a single SELECT statement.
**
** nLimit is set to -1 if there is no LIMIT clause.  nOffset is set to 0.
** If there is a LIMIT clause, the parser sets nLimit to the value of the

/*
** Allowed values for the NameContext, ncFlags field.
*/
#define NC_AllowAgg  0x01    /* Aggregate functions are allowed here */
#define NC_HasAgg    0x02    /* One or more aggregate functions seen */
#define NC_IsCheck   0x04    /* True if resolving names in a CHECK constraint */
#define NC_InAggFunc 0x08    /* True if analyzing arguments to an agg func */


#define NC_PartIdx   0x10    /* True if resolving a partial index WHERE */

/*
** An instance of the following structure contains all information
** needed to generate code for a single SELECT statement.
**
** nLimit is set to -1 if there is no LIMIT clause.  nOffset is set to 0.
** If there is a LIMIT clause, the parser sets nLimit to the value of the

#
#***********************************************************************
#
# This file tests features of the name resolver (the component that
# figures out what identifiers in the SQL statement refer to) that
# were fixed by ticket [2500cdb9be]
#



set testdir [file dirname $argv0]
source $testdir/tester.tcl







do_test resolver01-1.1 {
  catchsql {
    CREATE TABLE t1(x, y); INSERT INTO t1 VALUES(11,22);
    CREATE TABLE t2(y, z); INSERT INTO t2 VALUES(33,44);
    SELECT 1 AS y FROM t1, t2 ORDER BY y;
  }
} {0 1}
do_test resolver01-1.2 {
  catchsql {






































    SELECT 2 AS y FROM t1, t2 ORDER BY y COLLATE nocase;
  }
} {0 2}
do_test resolver01-1.3 {
  catchsql {

































    SELECT 3 AS y FROM t1, t2 ORDER BY +y;
  }










} {0 3}


























finish_test

#
#***********************************************************************
#
# This file tests features of the name resolver (the component that
# figures out what identifiers in the SQL statement refer to) that
# were fixed by ticket [2500cdb9be]
#
# See also tickets [1c69be2daf] and [f617ea3125] from 2013-08-14.
#

set testdir [file dirname $argv0]
source $testdir/tester.tcl

# "ORDER BY y" binds to the output result-set column named "y"
# if available.  If no output column is named "y", then try to
# bind against an input column named "y".
#
# This is classical SQL92 behavior.
#
do_test resolver01-1.1 {
  catchsql {
    CREATE TABLE t1(x, y); INSERT INTO t1 VALUES(11,22);
    CREATE TABLE t2(y, z); INSERT INTO t2 VALUES(33,44);
    SELECT 1 AS y FROM t1, t2 ORDER BY y;
  }
} {0 1}
do_test resolver01-1.2 {
  catchsql {
    SELECT 1 AS yy FROM t1, t2 ORDER BY y;
  }
} {1 {ambiguous column name: y}}
do_test resolver01-1.3 {
  catchsql {
    CREATE TABLE t3(x,y); INSERT INTO t3 VALUES(11,44),(33,22);
    SELECT x AS y FROM t3 ORDER BY y;
  }
} {0 {11 33}}
do_test resolver01-1.4 {
  catchsql {
    SELECT x AS yy FROM t3 ORDER BY y;
  }
} {0 {33 11}}

# SQLite allows the WHERE clause to reference output columns if there is
# no other way to resolve the name.
#
do_test resolver01-1.5 {
  catchsql {
    SELECT x AS yy FROM t3 ORDER BY yy;
  }
} {0 {11 33}}
do_test resolver01-1.6 {
  catchsql {
    SELECT x AS yy FROM t3 ORDER BY 1;
  }
} {0 {11 33}}

# The "ORDER BY y COLLATE nocase" form works the same as "ORDER BY y".
# The "y" binds more tightly to output columns than to input columns.
#
# This is for compatibility with SQL92 and with historical SQLite behavior.
# Note that PostgreSQL considers "y COLLATE nocase" to be an expression
# and thus PostgreSQL treats this case as if it where the 3.x case below.
#
do_test resolver01-2.1 {
  catchsql {
    SELECT 2 AS y FROM t1, t2 ORDER BY y COLLATE nocase;
  }
} {0 2}
do_test resolver01-2.2 {
  catchsql {
    SELECT 2 AS yy FROM t1, t2 ORDER BY y COLLATE nocase;
  }
} {1 {ambiguous column name: y}}
do_test resolver01-2.3 {
  catchsql {
    SELECT x AS y FROM t3 ORDER BY y COLLATE nocase;
  }
} {0 {11 33}}
do_test resolver01-2.4 {
  catchsql {
    SELECT x AS yy FROM t3 ORDER BY y COLLATE nocase;
  }
} {0 {33 11}}
do_test resolver01-2.5 {
  catchsql {
    SELECT x AS yy FROM t3 ORDER BY yy COLLATE nocase;
  }
} {0 {11 33}}
do_test resolver01-2.6 {
  catchsql {
    SELECT x AS yy FROM t3 ORDER BY 1 COLLATE nocase;
  }
} {0 {11 33}}

# But if the form is "ORDER BY expr" then bind more tightly to the
# the input column names and only use the output column names if no
# input column name matches.
#
# This is SQL99 behavior, as implemented by PostgreSQL and MS-SQL.
# Note that Oracle works differently.
#
do_test resolver01-3.1 {
  catchsql {
    SELECT 3 AS y FROM t1, t2 ORDER BY +y;
  }
} {1 {ambiguous column name: y}}
do_test resolver01-3.2 {
  catchsql {
    SELECT 2 AS yy FROM t1, t2 ORDER BY +y;
  }
} {1 {ambiguous column name: y}}
do_test resolver01-3.3 {
  catchsql {
    SELECT x AS y FROM t3 ORDER BY +y;
  }
} {0 {33 11}}
do_test resolver01-3.4 {
  catchsql {
    SELECT x AS yy FROM t3 ORDER BY +y;
  }
} {0 {33 11}}
do_test resolver01-3.5 {
  catchsql {
    SELECT x AS yy FROM t3 ORDER BY +yy
  }
} {0 {11 33}}

# This is the test case given in ticket [f617ea3125e9] (with table name
# changed from "t1" to "t4".  The behavior of (1) and (3) match with
# PostgreSQL, but we intentionally break with PostgreSQL to provide
# SQL92 behavior for case (2).
#
do_execsql_test resolver01-4.1 {
  CREATE TABLE t4(m CHAR(2));
  INSERT INTO t4 VALUES('az');
  INSERT INTO t4 VALUES('by');
  INSERT INTO t4 VALUES('cx');
  SELECT '1', substr(m,2) AS m FROM t4 ORDER BY m;
  SELECT '2', substr(m,2) AS m FROM t4 ORDER BY m COLLATE binary;
  SELECT '3', substr(m,2) AS m FROM t4 ORDER BY lower(m);
} {1 x 1 y 1 z 2 x 2 y 2 z 3 z 3 y 3 x}

finish_test

  execsql {
    SELECT a AS "b" FROM t3 ORDER BY [B];
  }
} {1 9}

# In "ORDER BY +b" the term is now an expression rather than
# a label.  It therefore matches by rule (3) instead of rule (2).
#
# 2013-04-13:  This is busted.  Changed to conform to PostgreSQL and
# MySQL and Oracle behavior.
# 
do_test tkt2822-5.5 {
  execsql {
    SELECT a AS b FROM t3 ORDER BY +b;
  }
} {1 9}

# Tests for rule 2 in compound queries
#
do_test tkt2822-6.1 {
  execsql {
    CREATE TABLE t6a(p,q);
    INSERT INTO t6a VALUES(1,8);

  execsql {
    SELECT a AS "b" FROM t3 ORDER BY [B];
  }
} {1 9}

# In "ORDER BY +b" the term is now an expression rather than
# a label.  It therefore matches by rule (3) instead of rule (2).



# 
do_test tkt2822-5.5 {
  execsql {
    SELECT a AS b FROM t3 ORDER BY +b;
  }
} {9 1}

# Tests for rule 2 in compound queries
#
do_test tkt2822-6.1 {
  execsql {
    CREATE TABLE t6a(p,q);
    INSERT INTO t6a VALUES(1,8);