assert( sizeof(db->aLimit)==sizeof(aHardLimit) );
  memcpy(db->aLimit, aHardLimit, sizeof(db->aLimit));
  db->autoCommit = 1;
  db->nextAutovac = -1;
  db->szMmap = sqlite3GlobalConfig.szMmap;
  db->nextPagesize = 0;
  db->flags |= SQLITE_ShortColNames | SQLITE_AutoIndex | SQLITE_EnableTrigger



#if SQLITE_DEFAULT_FILE_FORMAT<4
                 | SQLITE_LegacyFileFmt
#endif
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_LOAD_EXTENSION
                 | SQLITE_LoadExtension
#endif
#if SQLITE_DEFAULT_RECURSIVE_TRIGGERS

  assert( sizeof(db->aLimit)==sizeof(aHardLimit) );
  memcpy(db->aLimit, aHardLimit, sizeof(db->aLimit));
  db->autoCommit = 1;
  db->nextAutovac = -1;
  db->szMmap = sqlite3GlobalConfig.szMmap;
  db->nextPagesize = 0;
  db->flags |= SQLITE_ShortColNames | SQLITE_EnableTrigger
#if !defined(SQLITE_DEAULT_AUTOMATIC_INDEX) || SQLITE_DEFAULT_AUTOMATIC_INDEX
                 | SQLITE_AutoIndex
#endif
#if SQLITE_DEFAULT_FILE_FORMAT<4
                 | SQLITE_LegacyFileFmt
#endif
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_LOAD_EXTENSION
                 | SQLITE_LoadExtension
#endif
#if SQLITE_DEFAULT_RECURSIVE_TRIGGERS

#define WHERE_IDX_ONLY     0x00000040  /* Use index only - omit table */
#define WHERE_IPK          0x00000100  /* x is the INTEGER PRIMARY KEY */
#define WHERE_INDEXED      0x00000200  /* WhereLoop.u.btree.pIndex is valid */
#define WHERE_VIRTUALTABLE 0x00000400  /* WhereLoop.u.vtab is valid */
#define WHERE_IN_ABLE      0x00000800  /* Able to support an IN operator */
#define WHERE_ONEROW       0x00001000  /* Selects no more than one row */
#define WHERE_MULTI_OR     0x00002000  /* OR using multiple indices */
#define WHERE_TEMP_INDEX   0x00004000  /* Uses an ephemeral index */


/* Convert a WhereCost value (10 times log2(X)) into its integer value X.
** A rough approximation is used.  The value returned is not exact.
*/
static u64 whereCostToInt(WhereCost x){
  u64 n;
................................................................................
        idxCols |= cMask;
      }
    }
  }
  assert( nColumn>0 );
  pLoop->u.btree.nEq = pLoop->nLTerm = nColumn;
  pLoop->wsFlags = WHERE_COLUMN_EQ | WHERE_IDX_ONLY | WHERE_INDEXED
                     | WHERE_TEMP_INDEX;

  /* Count the number of additional columns needed to create a
  ** covering index.  A "covering index" is an index that contains all
  ** columns that are needed by the query.  With a covering index, the
  ** original table never needs to be accessed.  Automatic indices must
  ** be a covering index because the index will not be updated if the
  ** original table changes and the index and table cannot both be used
................................................................................
    if( pItem->zAlias ){
      zMsg = sqlite3MAppendf(db, zMsg, "%s AS %s", zMsg, pItem->zAlias);
    }
    if( (flags & (WHERE_IPK|WHERE_VIRTUALTABLE))==0
     && ALWAYS(pLoop->u.btree.pIndex!=0)
    ){
      char *zWhere = explainIndexRange(db, pLoop, pItem->pTab);
      zMsg = sqlite3MAppendf(db, zMsg, "%s USING %s%sINDEX%s%s%s", zMsg, 
          ((flags & WHERE_TEMP_INDEX)?"AUTOMATIC ":""),
          ((flags & WHERE_IDX_ONLY)?"COVERING ":""),
          ((flags & WHERE_TEMP_INDEX)?"":" "),
          ((flags & WHERE_TEMP_INDEX)?"": pLoop->u.btree.pIndex->zName),
          zWhere
      );
      sqlite3DbFree(db, zWhere);
    }else if( (flags & WHERE_IPK)!=0 && (flags & WHERE_CONSTRAINT)!=0 ){
      zMsg = sqlite3MAppendf(db, zMsg, "%s USING INTEGER PRIMARY KEY", zMsg);

      if( flags&(WHERE_COLUMN_EQ|WHERE_COLUMN_IN) ){
        zMsg = sqlite3MAppendf(db, zMsg, "%s (rowid=?)", zMsg);
      }else if( (flags&WHERE_BOTH_LIMIT)==WHERE_BOTH_LIMIT ){
................................................................................
          ** uses an index, and this is either the first OR-connected term
          ** processed or the index is the same as that used by all previous
          ** terms, set pCov to the candidate covering index. Otherwise, set 
          ** pCov to NULL to indicate that no candidate covering index will 
          ** be available.
          */
          pSubLoop = pSubWInfo->a[0].pWLoop;
          assert( (pSubLoop->wsFlags & WHERE_TEMP_INDEX)==0 );
          if( (pSubLoop->wsFlags & WHERE_INDEXED)!=0
           && (ii==0 || pSubLoop->u.btree.pIndex==pCov)
          ){
            assert( pSubWInfo->a[0].iIdxCur==iCovCur );
            pCov = pSubLoop->u.btree.pIndex;
          }else{
            pCov = 0;
................................................................................
  p->wsFlags = 0;
}

/*
** Clear the WhereLoop.u union.  Leave WhereLoop.pLTerm intact.
*/
static void whereLoopClearUnion(sqlite3 *db, WhereLoop *p){
  if( p->wsFlags & (WHERE_VIRTUALTABLE|WHERE_TEMP_INDEX) ){
    if( (p->wsFlags & WHERE_VIRTUALTABLE)!=0 && p->u.vtab.needFree ){
      sqlite3_free(p->u.vtab.idxStr);
      p->u.vtab.needFree = 0;
      p->u.vtab.idxStr = 0;
    }else if( (p->wsFlags & WHERE_TEMP_INDEX)!=0 && p->u.btree.pIndex!=0 ){
      sqlite3DbFree(db, p->u.btree.pIndex->zColAff);
      sqlite3DbFree(db, p->u.btree.pIndex);
      p->u.btree.pIndex = 0;
    }
  }
}

................................................................................
static int whereLoopXfer(sqlite3 *db, WhereLoop *pTo, WhereLoop *pFrom){
  if( whereLoopResize(db, pTo, pFrom->nLTerm) ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
  whereLoopClearUnion(db, pTo);
  memcpy(pTo, pFrom, WHERE_LOOP_XFER_SZ);
  memcpy(pTo->aLTerm, pFrom->aLTerm, pTo->nLTerm*sizeof(pTo->aLTerm[0]));
  if( pFrom->wsFlags & WHERE_VIRTUALTABLE ){
    pFrom->u.vtab.needFree = 0;
  }else if( (pFrom->wsFlags & WHERE_TEMP_INDEX)!=0 ){
    pFrom->u.btree.pIndex = 0;
  }
  return SQLITE_OK;
}

/*
** Delete a WhereLoop object
................................................................................
      if( pTerm->prereqRight & pNew->maskSelf ) continue;
      if( termCanDriveIndex(pTerm, pSrc, 0) ){
        pNew->u.btree.nEq = 1;
        pNew->u.btree.pIndex = 0;
        pNew->nLTerm = 1;
        pNew->aLTerm[0] = pTerm;
        /* TUNING: One-time cost for computing the automatic index is
        ** approximately 6*N*log2(N) where N is the number of rows in
        ** the table being indexed. */
        pNew->rSetup = rLogSize + rSize + 26;  assert( 26==whereCost(6) );
        /* TUNING: Each index lookup yields 10 rows in the table */
        pNew->nOut = 33;  assert( 33==whereCost(10) );



        pNew->rRun = whereCostAdd(rLogSize,pNew->nOut);
        pNew->wsFlags = WHERE_TEMP_INDEX;
        pNew->prereq = mExtra | pTerm->prereqRight;
        rc = whereLoopInsert(pBuilder, pNew);
      }
    }
  }

  /* Loop over all indices
................................................................................
                            SQLITE_INT_TO_PTR(n), P4_INT32);
        assert( n<=pTab->nCol );
      }
    }else{
      sqlite3TableLock(pParse, iDb, pTab->tnum, 0, pTab->zName);
    }
#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOMATIC_INDEX
    if( (pLoop->wsFlags & WHERE_TEMP_INDEX)!=0 ){
      constructAutomaticIndex(pParse, &pWInfo->sWC, pTabItem, notReady, pLevel);
    }else
#endif
    if( pLoop->wsFlags & WHERE_INDEXED ){
      Index *pIx = pLoop->u.btree.pIndex;
      KeyInfo *pKey = sqlite3IndexKeyinfo(pParse, pIx);
      /* FIXME:  As an optimization use pTabItem->iCursor if WHERE_IDX_ONLY */
................................................................................
     && pTab->pSelect==0
     && (pWInfo->wctrlFlags & WHERE_OMIT_OPEN_CLOSE)==0
    ){
      int ws = pLoop->wsFlags;
      if( !pWInfo->okOnePass && (ws & WHERE_IDX_ONLY)==0 ){
        sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Close, pTabItem->iCursor);
      }
      if( (ws & WHERE_INDEXED)!=0 && (ws & (WHERE_IPK|WHERE_TEMP_INDEX))==0 ){
        sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Close, pLevel->iIdxCur);
      }
    }

    /* If this scan uses an index, make VDBE code substitutions to read data
    ** from the index instead of from the table where possible.  In some cases
    ** this optimization prevents the table from ever being read, which can

#define WHERE_IDX_ONLY     0x00000040  /* Use index only - omit table */
#define WHERE_IPK          0x00000100  /* x is the INTEGER PRIMARY KEY */
#define WHERE_INDEXED      0x00000200  /* WhereLoop.u.btree.pIndex is valid */
#define WHERE_VIRTUALTABLE 0x00000400  /* WhereLoop.u.vtab is valid */
#define WHERE_IN_ABLE      0x00000800  /* Able to support an IN operator */
#define WHERE_ONEROW       0x00001000  /* Selects no more than one row */
#define WHERE_MULTI_OR     0x00002000  /* OR using multiple indices */
#define WHERE_AUTO_INDEX   0x00004000  /* Uses an ephemeral index */


/* Convert a WhereCost value (10 times log2(X)) into its integer value X.
** A rough approximation is used.  The value returned is not exact.
*/
static u64 whereCostToInt(WhereCost x){
  u64 n;
................................................................................
        idxCols |= cMask;
      }
    }
  }
  assert( nColumn>0 );
  pLoop->u.btree.nEq = pLoop->nLTerm = nColumn;
  pLoop->wsFlags = WHERE_COLUMN_EQ | WHERE_IDX_ONLY | WHERE_INDEXED
                     | WHERE_AUTO_INDEX;

  /* Count the number of additional columns needed to create a
  ** covering index.  A "covering index" is an index that contains all
  ** columns that are needed by the query.  With a covering index, the
  ** original table never needs to be accessed.  Automatic indices must
  ** be a covering index because the index will not be updated if the
  ** original table changes and the index and table cannot both be used
................................................................................
    if( pItem->zAlias ){
      zMsg = sqlite3MAppendf(db, zMsg, "%s AS %s", zMsg, pItem->zAlias);
    }
    if( (flags & (WHERE_IPK|WHERE_VIRTUALTABLE))==0
     && ALWAYS(pLoop->u.btree.pIndex!=0)
    ){
      char *zWhere = explainIndexRange(db, pLoop, pItem->pTab);
      zMsg = sqlite3MAppendf(db, zMsg,
               ((flags & WHERE_AUTO_INDEX) ? 
                   "%s USING AUTOMATIC %sINDEX%.0s%s" :
                   "%s USING %sINDEX %s%s"), 
               zMsg, ((flags & WHERE_IDX_ONLY) ? "COVERING " : ""),
               pLoop->u.btree.pIndex->zName, zWhere);

      sqlite3DbFree(db, zWhere);
    }else if( (flags & WHERE_IPK)!=0 && (flags & WHERE_CONSTRAINT)!=0 ){
      zMsg = sqlite3MAppendf(db, zMsg, "%s USING INTEGER PRIMARY KEY", zMsg);

      if( flags&(WHERE_COLUMN_EQ|WHERE_COLUMN_IN) ){
        zMsg = sqlite3MAppendf(db, zMsg, "%s (rowid=?)", zMsg);
      }else if( (flags&WHERE_BOTH_LIMIT)==WHERE_BOTH_LIMIT ){
................................................................................
          ** uses an index, and this is either the first OR-connected term
          ** processed or the index is the same as that used by all previous
          ** terms, set pCov to the candidate covering index. Otherwise, set 
          ** pCov to NULL to indicate that no candidate covering index will 
          ** be available.
          */
          pSubLoop = pSubWInfo->a[0].pWLoop;
          assert( (pSubLoop->wsFlags & WHERE_AUTO_INDEX)==0 );
          if( (pSubLoop->wsFlags & WHERE_INDEXED)!=0
           && (ii==0 || pSubLoop->u.btree.pIndex==pCov)
          ){
            assert( pSubWInfo->a[0].iIdxCur==iCovCur );
            pCov = pSubLoop->u.btree.pIndex;
          }else{
            pCov = 0;
................................................................................
  p->wsFlags = 0;
}

/*
** Clear the WhereLoop.u union.  Leave WhereLoop.pLTerm intact.
*/
static void whereLoopClearUnion(sqlite3 *db, WhereLoop *p){
  if( p->wsFlags & (WHERE_VIRTUALTABLE|WHERE_AUTO_INDEX) ){
    if( (p->wsFlags & WHERE_VIRTUALTABLE)!=0 && p->u.vtab.needFree ){
      sqlite3_free(p->u.vtab.idxStr);
      p->u.vtab.needFree = 0;
      p->u.vtab.idxStr = 0;
    }else if( (p->wsFlags & WHERE_AUTO_INDEX)!=0 && p->u.btree.pIndex!=0 ){
      sqlite3DbFree(db, p->u.btree.pIndex->zColAff);
      sqlite3DbFree(db, p->u.btree.pIndex);
      p->u.btree.pIndex = 0;
    }
  }
}

................................................................................
static int whereLoopXfer(sqlite3 *db, WhereLoop *pTo, WhereLoop *pFrom){
  if( whereLoopResize(db, pTo, pFrom->nLTerm) ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
  whereLoopClearUnion(db, pTo);
  memcpy(pTo, pFrom, WHERE_LOOP_XFER_SZ);
  memcpy(pTo->aLTerm, pFrom->aLTerm, pTo->nLTerm*sizeof(pTo->aLTerm[0]));
  if( pFrom->wsFlags & WHERE_VIRTUALTABLE ){
    pFrom->u.vtab.needFree = 0;
  }else if( (pFrom->wsFlags & WHERE_AUTO_INDEX)!=0 ){
    pFrom->u.btree.pIndex = 0;
  }
  return SQLITE_OK;
}

/*
** Delete a WhereLoop object
................................................................................
      if( pTerm->prereqRight & pNew->maskSelf ) continue;
      if( termCanDriveIndex(pTerm, pSrc, 0) ){
        pNew->u.btree.nEq = 1;
        pNew->u.btree.pIndex = 0;
        pNew->nLTerm = 1;
        pNew->aLTerm[0] = pTerm;
        /* TUNING: One-time cost for computing the automatic index is
        ** approximately 7*N*log2(N) where N is the number of rows in
        ** the table being indexed. */
        pNew->rSetup = rLogSize + rSize + 28;  assert( 28==whereCost(7) );
        /* TUNING: Each index lookup yields 20 rows in the table.  This
        ** is more than the usual guess of 10 rows, since we have no way
        ** of knowning how selective the index will ultimately be.  It would
        ** not be unreasonable to make this value much larger. */
        pNew->nOut = 43;  assert( 43==whereCost(20) );
        pNew->rRun = whereCostAdd(rLogSize,pNew->nOut);
        pNew->wsFlags = WHERE_AUTO_INDEX;
        pNew->prereq = mExtra | pTerm->prereqRight;
        rc = whereLoopInsert(pBuilder, pNew);
      }
    }
  }

  /* Loop over all indices
................................................................................
                            SQLITE_INT_TO_PTR(n), P4_INT32);
        assert( n<=pTab->nCol );
      }
    }else{
      sqlite3TableLock(pParse, iDb, pTab->tnum, 0, pTab->zName);
    }
#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOMATIC_INDEX
    if( (pLoop->wsFlags & WHERE_AUTO_INDEX)!=0 ){
      constructAutomaticIndex(pParse, &pWInfo->sWC, pTabItem, notReady, pLevel);
    }else
#endif
    if( pLoop->wsFlags & WHERE_INDEXED ){
      Index *pIx = pLoop->u.btree.pIndex;
      KeyInfo *pKey = sqlite3IndexKeyinfo(pParse, pIx);
      /* FIXME:  As an optimization use pTabItem->iCursor if WHERE_IDX_ONLY */
................................................................................
     && pTab->pSelect==0
     && (pWInfo->wctrlFlags & WHERE_OMIT_OPEN_CLOSE)==0
    ){
      int ws = pLoop->wsFlags;
      if( !pWInfo->okOnePass && (ws & WHERE_IDX_ONLY)==0 ){
        sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Close, pTabItem->iCursor);
      }
      if( (ws & WHERE_INDEXED)!=0 && (ws & (WHERE_IPK|WHERE_AUTO_INDEX))==0 ){
        sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Close, pLevel->iIdxCur);
      }
    }

    /* If this scan uses an index, make VDBE code substitutions to read data
    ** from the index instead of from the table where possible.  In some cases
    ** this optimization prevents the table from ever being read, which can

do_test autoindex1-212 {
  db status autoindex
} {7}


# Modify the second table of the join while the join is in progress
#






do_test autoindex1-300 {
  set r {}
  db eval {SELECT b, d FROM t1 JOIN t2 ON (c=a)} {
    lappend r $b $d
    db eval {UPDATE t2 SET d=d+1}
  }
  set r
} {11 911 22 922 33 933 44 944 55 955 66 966 77 977 88 988}
do_test autoindex1-310 {
  db eval {SELECT d FROM t2 ORDER BY d}

do_test autoindex1-212 {
  db status autoindex
} {7}


# Modify the second table of the join while the join is in progress
#
do_execsql_test autoindex1-299 {
  UPDATE sqlite_stat1 SET stat='10000' WHERE tbl='t2';
  ANALYZE sqlite_master;
  EXPLAIN QUERY PLAN
  SELECT b, d FROM t1 CROSS JOIN t2 ON (c=a);
} {/AUTOMATIC COVERING INDEX/}
do_test autoindex1-300 {
  set r {}
  db eval {SELECT b, d FROM t1 CROSS JOIN t2 ON (c=a)} {
    lappend r $b $d
    db eval {UPDATE t2 SET d=d+1}
  }
  set r
} {11 911 22 922 33 933 44 944 55 955 66 966 77 977 88 988}
do_test autoindex1-310 {
  db eval {SELECT d FROM t2 ORDER BY d}