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Overview
Comment:Fixed metacharacter coloring with LP, RP, PLUS. Added more links. (CVS 962)
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SHA1: 2bbb08049508829419dd9a3729241b97b017cf36
User & Date: jplyon 2003-05-10 02:54:02.000
Context
2003-05-10
02:54
Documented the "GO" and "\" command terminators. (CVS 963) (check-in: 6a76bd9590 user: jplyon tags: trunk)
02:54
Fixed metacharacter coloring with LP, RP, PLUS. Added more links. (CVS 962) (check-in: 2bbb080495 user: jplyon tags: trunk)
2003-05-07
13:37
Format keyword lists in lang.html using a TCL proc. (CVS 961) (check-in: ca75f1ca12 user: drh tags: trunk)
Changes
Unified Diff Ignore Whitespace Patch
Changes to www/lang.tcl. 
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#
# Run this Tcl script to generate the sqlite.html file.
#
set rcsid {$Id: lang.tcl,v 1.56 2003/05/07 13:37:31 drh Exp $}

puts {<html>
<head>
  <title>Query Language Understood By SQLite</title>
</head>
<body bgcolor=white>
<h1 align=center>
SQL As Understood By SQLite
</h1>}
puts "<p align=center>
(This page was last modified on [lrange $rcsid 3 4] UTC)
</p>"

puts {
<p>The SQLite library understands most of the standard SQL
language.  But it does <a href="omitted.html">omit some features</a>
while at the same time
adding a few features of its own.  This document attempts to
describe percisely what parts of the SQL language SQLite does
and does not support.</p>


<p>In all of the syntax diagrams that follow, literal text is shown in
bold blue.  Non-terminal symbols are shown in italic red.  Operators
that are part of the syntactic markup itself are shown in black roman.</p>

<p>This document is just an overview of the SQL syntax implemented
by SQLite.  Many low-level productions are omitted.  For detailed information




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#
# Run this Tcl script to generate the sqlite.html file.
#
set rcsid {$Id: lang.tcl,v 1.57 2003/05/10 02:54:02 jplyon Exp $}

puts {<html>
<head>
  <title>Query Language Understood By SQLite</title>
</head>
<body bgcolor=white>
<h1 align=center>
SQL As Understood By SQLite
</h1>}
puts "<p align=center>
(This page was last modified on [lrange $rcsid 3 4] UTC)
</p>"

puts {
<p>The SQLite library understands most of the standard SQL
language.  But it does <a href="omitted.html">omit some features</a>
while at the same time
adding a few features of its own.  This document attempts to
describe percisely what parts of the SQL language SQLite does
and does not support.  A list of <a href="#keywords">keywords<a/> is 
given at the end.</p>

<p>In all of the syntax diagrams that follow, literal text is shown in
bold blue.  Non-terminal symbols are shown in italic red.  Operators
that are part of the syntactic markup itself are shown in black roman.</p>

<p>This document is just an overview of the SQL syntax implemented
by SQLite.  Many low-level productions are omitted.  For detailed information
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    regsub -all %GT $body {</font></i><b><font color="#2c2cf0">} body
    regsub -all {[]|[*?]} $body {</font></b>&<b><font color="#2c2cf0">} body
    regsub -all "\n" [string trim $body] "<br>\n" body
    regsub -all "\n  *" $body "\n\\&nbsp;\\&nbsp;\\&nbsp;\\&nbsp;" body
    regsub -all {[|,.*()]} $body {<big>&</big>} body
    regsub -all { = } $body { <big>=</big> } body
    regsub -all {STAR} $body {<big>*</big>} body






    puts "<td><b><font color=\"#2c2cf0\">$body</font></b></td></tr>"
  }
  puts {</table>}
}
proc Operator {name} {
  return "<font color=\"#2c2cf0\"><big>$name</big></font>"
}








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    regsub -all %GT $body {</font></i><b><font color="#2c2cf0">} body
    regsub -all {[]|[*?]} $body {</font></b>&<b><font color="#2c2cf0">} body
    regsub -all "\n" [string trim $body] "<br>\n" body
    regsub -all "\n  *" $body "\n\\&nbsp;\\&nbsp;\\&nbsp;\\&nbsp;" body
    regsub -all {[|,.*()]} $body {<big>&</big>} body
    regsub -all { = } $body { <big>=</big> } body
    regsub -all {STAR} $body {<big>*</big>} body
    ## These metacharacters must be handled to undo being
    ## treated as SQL punctuation characters above.
    regsub -all {RPPLUS} $body {</font></b>)+<b><font color="#2c2cf0">} body
    regsub -all {LP} $body {</font></b>(<b><font color="#2c2cf0">} body
    regsub -all {RP} $body {</font></b>)<b><font color="#2c2cf0">} body
    ## Place the left-hand side of the rule in the 2nd table column.
    puts "<td><b><font color=\"#2c2cf0\">$body</font></b></td></tr>"
  }
  puts {</table>}
}
proc Operator {name} {
  return "<font color=\"#2c2cf0\"><big>$name</big></font>"
}
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<expr> (+) |
<expr> ISNULL |
<expr> NOTNULL |
<expr> [NOT] BETWEEN <expr> AND <expr> |
<expr> [NOT] IN ( <value-list> ) |
<expr> [NOT] IN ( <select-statement> ) |
( <select-statement> ) |
CASE [<expr>] ( WHEN <expr> THEN <expr> )+ [ELSE <expr>] END
} {like-op} {
LIKE | GLOB | NOT LIKE | NOT GLOB
}

puts {
<p>This section is different from the others.  Most other sections of
this document talks about a particular SQL command.  This section does








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<expr> (+) |
<expr> ISNULL |
<expr> NOTNULL |
<expr> [NOT] BETWEEN <expr> AND <expr> |
<expr> [NOT] IN ( <value-list> ) |
<expr> [NOT] IN ( <select-statement> ) |
( <select-statement> ) |
CASE [<expr>] LP WHEN <expr> THEN <expr> RPPLUS [ELSE <expr>] END
} {like-op} {
LIKE | GLOB | NOT LIKE | NOT GLOB
}

puts {
<p>This section is different from the others.  Most other sections of
this document talks about a particular SQL command.  This section does
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[Operator !=] or [Operator {&lt;&gt;}].
The [Operator ||] operator is \"concatenate\" - it joins together
the two strings of its operands.
The operator [Operator %] outputs the remainder of its left 
operand modulo its right operand.</p>"
puts {


<p>The LIKE operator does a wildcard comparision.  The operand
to the right contains the wildcards.}
puts "A percent symbol [Operator %] in the right operand
matches any sequence of zero or more characters on the left.
An underscore [Operator _] on the right
matches any single character on the left."
puts {The LIKE operator is
not case sensitive and will match upper case characters on one
side against lower case characters on the other.
(A bug: SQLite only understands upper/lower case for 7-bit Latin
characters.  Hence the LIKE operator is case sensitive for
8-bit iso8859 characters or UTF-8 characters.  For example,
the expression <b>'a'&nbsp;LIKE&nbsp;'A'</b> is TRUE but
<b>'&aelig;'&nbsp;LIKE&nbsp;'&AElig;'</b> is FALSE.)


</p>


<p>The GLOB operator is similar to LIKE but uses the Unix
file globbing syntax for its wildcards.  Also, GLOB is case
sensitive, unlike LIKE.  Both GLOB and LIKE may be preceded by
the NOT keyword to invert the sense of the test.</p>



<p>A column name can be any of the names defined in the CREATE TABLE
statement or one of the following special identifiers: "<b>ROWID</b>",
"<b>OID</b>", or "<b>_ROWID_</b>".
These special identifiers all describe the
unique random integer key (the "row key") associated with every 
row of every table.








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[Operator !=] or [Operator {&lt;&gt;}].
The [Operator ||] operator is \"concatenate\" - it joins together
the two strings of its operands.
The operator [Operator %] outputs the remainder of its left 
operand modulo its right operand.</p>"
puts {

<a name="like"></a>
<p>The LIKE operator does a wildcard comparision.  The operand
to the right contains the wildcards.}
puts "A percent symbol [Operator %] in the right operand
matches any sequence of zero or more characters on the left.
An underscore [Operator _] on the right
matches any single character on the left."
puts {The LIKE operator is
not case sensitive and will match upper case characters on one
side against lower case characters on the other.
(A bug: SQLite only understands upper/lower case for 7-bit Latin
characters.  Hence the LIKE operator is case sensitive for
8-bit iso8859 characters or UTF-8 characters.  For example,
the expression <b>'a'&nbsp;LIKE&nbsp;'A'</b> is TRUE but
<b>'&aelig;'&nbsp;LIKE&nbsp;'&AElig;'</b> is FALSE.).  The infix 
LIKE operator is identical the user function <a href="#likeFunc">
like(<i>X</i>,<i>Y</i>)</a>.
</p>

<a name="glob"></a>
<p>The GLOB operator is similar to LIKE but uses the Unix
file globbing syntax for its wildcards.  Also, GLOB is case
sensitive, unlike LIKE.  Both GLOB and LIKE may be preceded by
the NOT keyword to invert the sense of the test.  The infix GLOB 
operator is identical the user function <a href="#globFunc">
glob(<i>X</i>,<i>Y</i>)</a>.</p>

<p>A column name can be any of the names defined in the CREATE TABLE
statement or one of the following special identifiers: "<b>ROWID</b>",
"<b>OID</b>", or "<b>_ROWID_</b>".
These special identifiers all describe the
unique random integer key (the "row key") associated with every 
row of every table.
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<tr>
<td valign="top" align="right">coalesce(<i>X</i>,<i>Y</i>,...)</td>
<td valign="top">Return a copy of the first non-NULL argument.  If
all arguments are NULL then NULL is returned.</td>
</tr>

<tr>

<td valign="top" align="right">glob(<i>X</i>,<i>Y</i>)</td>
<td valign="top">This function is used to implement the
"<b>Y GLOB X</b>" syntax of SQLite.  The
<a href="c_interface.html#cfunc">sqlite_create_function()</a> 
interface can
be used to override this function and thereby change the operation
of the GLOB operator.</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td valign="top" align="right">last_insert_rowid()</td>
<td valign="top">Return the ROWID of the last row insert from this
connection to the database.  This is the same value that would be returned
from the <b>sqlite_last_insert_rowid()</b> API function.</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td valign="top" align="right">length(<i>X</i>)</td>
<td valign="top">Return the string length of <i>X</i> in characters.
If SQLite is configured to support UTF-8, then the number of UTF-8
characters is returned, not the number of bytes.</td>
</tr>

<tr>

<td valign="top" align="right">like(<i>X</i>,<i>Y</i>)</td>
<td valign="top">This function is used to implement the
"<b>Y LIKE X</b>" syntax of SQL.  The
<a href="c_interface.html#cfunc">sqlite_create_function()</a> 
interface can
be used to override this function and thereby change the operation
of the LIKE operator.</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td valign="top" align="right">lower(<i>X</i>)</td>
<td valign="top">Return a copy of string <i>X</i> will all characters
converted to lower case.  The C library <b>tolower()</b> routine is used
for the conversion, which means that this function might not








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<tr>
<td valign="top" align="right">coalesce(<i>X</i>,<i>Y</i>,...)</td>
<td valign="top">Return a copy of the first non-NULL argument.  If
all arguments are NULL then NULL is returned.</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<a name="globFunc"></a>
<td valign="top" align="right">glob(<i>X</i>,<i>Y</i>)</td>
<td valign="top">This function is used to implement the
"<b>Y GLOB X</b>" syntax of SQLite.  The
<a href="c_interface.html#cfunc">sqlite_create_function()</a> 
interface can
be used to override this function and thereby change the operation
of the <a href="#glob">GLOB</a> operator.</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td valign="top" align="right">last_insert_rowid()</td>
<td valign="top">Return the ROWID of the last row insert from this
connection to the database.  This is the same value that would be returned
from the <b>sqlite_last_insert_rowid()</b> API function.</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td valign="top" align="right">length(<i>X</i>)</td>
<td valign="top">Return the string length of <i>X</i> in characters.
If SQLite is configured to support UTF-8, then the number of UTF-8
characters is returned, not the number of bytes.</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<a name="likeFunc"></a>
<td valign="top" align="right">like(<i>X</i>,<i>Y</i>)</td>
<td valign="top">This function is used to implement the
"<b>Y LIKE X</b>" syntax of SQL.  The
<a href="c_interface.html#cfunc">sqlite_create_function()</a> 
interface can
be used to override this function and thereby change the operation
of the <a href="#like">LIKE</a> operator.</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td valign="top" align="right">lower(<i>X</i>)</td>
<td valign="top">Return a copy of string <i>X</i> will all characters
converted to lower case.  The C library <b>tolower()</b> routine is used
for the conversion, which means that this function might not
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puts {
<p>The INSERT statement comes in two basic forms.  The first form
(with the "VALUES" keyword) creates a single new row in an existing table.
If no column-list is specified then the number of values must
be the same as the number of columns in the table.  If a column-list
is specified, then the number of values must match the number of
specified columns.  Columns of the table that do not appear in the
column list are fill with the default value, or with NULL if not
default value is specified.
</p>

<p>The second form of the INSERT statement takes it data from a
SELECT statement.  The number of columns in the result of the
SELECT must exactly match the number of columns in the table if
no column list is specified, or it must match the number of columns








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puts {
<p>The INSERT statement comes in two basic forms.  The first form
(with the "VALUES" keyword) creates a single new row in an existing table.
If no column-list is specified then the number of values must
be the same as the number of columns in the table.  If a column-list
is specified, then the number of values must match the number of
specified columns.  Columns of the table that do not appear in the
column list are filled with the default value, or with NULL if not
default value is specified.
</p>

<p>The second form of the INSERT statement takes it data from a
SELECT statement.  The number of columns in the result of the
SELECT must exactly match the number of columns in the table if
no column list is specified, or it must match the number of columns
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    <p>For each column in the named table, invoke the callback function
    once with information about that column, including the column name,
    data type, whether or not the column can be NULL, and the default
    value for the column.</p></li>

<a name="pragma_temp_store"></a>
<li><p><b>PRAGMA temp_store;
       <br>PRAGMA temp_store = default;
       <br>PRAGMA temp_store = memory;
       <br>PRAGMA temp_store = file;</b></p>
    <p>Query or change the setting of the "temp_store" flag affecting
    the database for the duration of the current database connection.
    The temp_store flag reverts to its default value when the database
    is closed and reopened.  For additional information on the temp_store
    flag, see the description of the <a href="#pragma_default_temp_store">
    <b>default_temp_store</b></a> pragma.  Note that it is possible for 
    the library compile-time options to override this setting. </p>








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    <p>For each column in the named table, invoke the callback function
    once with information about that column, including the column name,
    data type, whether or not the column can be NULL, and the default
    value for the column.</p></li>

<a name="pragma_temp_store"></a>
<li><p><b>PRAGMA temp_store;
       <br>PRAGMA temp_store = DEFAULT;
       <br>PRAGMA temp_store = MEMORY;
       <br>PRAGMA temp_store = FILE;</b></p>
    <p>Query or change the setting of the "temp_store" flag affecting
    the database for the duration of the current database connection.
    The temp_store flag reverts to its default value when the database
    is closed and reopened.  For additional information on the temp_store
    flag, see the description of the <a href="#pragma_default_temp_store">
    <b>default_temp_store</b></a> pragma.  Note that it is possible for 
    the library compile-time options to override this setting. </p>
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Syntax {sql-statement} {
SELECT [ALL | DISTINCT] <result> [FROM <table-list>]
[WHERE <expr>]
[GROUP BY <expr-list>]
[HAVING <expr>]
[<compound-op> <select>]*
[ORDER BY <sort-expr-list>]
[LIMIT <integer> [OFFSET <integer>]]
} {result} {
<result-column> [, <result-column>]*
} {result-column} {
STAR | <table-name> . STAR | <expr> [ [AS] <string> ]
} {table-list} {
<table> [<join-op> <table> <join-args>]*
} {table} {








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Syntax {sql-statement} {
SELECT [ALL | DISTINCT] <result> [FROM <table-list>]
[WHERE <expr>]
[GROUP BY <expr-list>]
[HAVING <expr>]
[<compound-op> <select>]*
[ORDER BY <sort-expr-list>]
[LIMIT <integer> [LP OFFSET | , RP <integer>]]
} {result} {
<result-column> [, <result-column>]*
} {result-column} {
STAR | <table-name> . STAR | <expr> [ [AS] <string> ]
} {table-list} {
<table> [<join-op> <table> <join-args>]*
} {table} {
︙︙
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Section {SQLite keywords} keywords

puts {
<p>The following keywords are used by SQLite. Most are either reserved 
words in SQL-92 or were listed as potential reserved words.  Those which 
aren't are shown in italics.  Not all of these words are actually used
by SQLite.  Keywords are not reserved in SQLite.  Any Keyword can be used 
as an identifier for SQLite objects (columns, databases, indexes, tables, 
triggers, views, ...) but must generally be enclosed by brackets or 
quotes to avoid confusing the parser.  Keyword matching in SQLite is 
case-insensitive.</p>

<p>Keywords can be used as identifiers in three ways:</p>









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Section {SQLite keywords} keywords

puts {
<p>The following keywords are used by SQLite. Most are either reserved 
words in SQL-92 or were listed as potential reserved words.  Those which 
aren't are shown in italics.  Not all of these words are actually used
by SQLite.  Keywords are not reserved in SQLite.  Any keyword can be used 
as an identifier for SQLite objects (columns, databases, indexes, tables, 
triggers, views, ...) but must generally be enclosed by brackets or 
quotes to avoid confusing the parser.  Keyword matching in SQLite is 
case-insensitive.</p>

<p>Keywords can be used as identifiers in three ways:</p>
︙︙