<title>An Introduction To The SQLite C/C++ Interface</title>
<table_of_contents>
<tcl>
hd_keywords {*cintro}
</tcl>

<table_of_contents>

<h1>Summary</h1>

<p>The following two objects and eight methods comprise the essential
elements of the SQLite interface:

<ul>
<li><p><b>[sqlite3]</b> &rarr;
The database connection object.  Created by
[sqlite3_open()] and destroyed by [sqlite3_close()].

<li><p><b>[sqlite3_stmt]</b> &rarr;
The prepared statement object.  Created by
[sqlite3_prepare()] and destroyed by [sqlite3_finalize()].


<li><p><b>[sqlite3_open()]</b> &rarr;
Open a connection to a new or existing SQLite database.
The constructor for [sqlite3].

<li><p><b>[sqlite3_prepare()]</b> &rarr;
Compile SQL text into
byte-code that will do the work of querying or updating the database. 
The constructor for [sqlite3_stmt].

<li><p><b>[sqlite3_bind_int|sqlite3_bind()]</b> &rarr;
Store application data into
[parameters] of the original SQL.


<li><p><b>[sqlite3_step()]</b> &rarr;
Advance an [sqlite3_stmt] to the next result row or to completion.

<li><p><b>[sqlite3_column_int|sqlite3_column()]</b> &rarr;
Column values in the current result row for an [sqlite3_stmt].

<li><p><b>[sqlite3_finalize()]</b> &rarr;
Destructor for [sqlite3_stmt].

<li><p><b>[sqlite3_close()]</b> &rarr;
Destructor for [sqlite3].

<li><p><b>[sqlite3_exec()]</b> &rarr;
A wrapper function that does [sqlite3_prepare()], [sqlite3_step()],
[sqlite3_column_int|sqlite3_column()], and [sqlite3_finalize()] for
a string of one or more SQL statements.
</ul>

<h1>Introduction</h1>

<p>
  SQLite has more than 225 APIs.
  However, most of the APIs are optional and very specialized
  and can be ignored by beginners.
  The core API is small, simple, and easy to learn.
  This article summarizes the core API.
</p>

<p>
  A separate document, [capi3ref | The SQLite C/C++ Interface],
  provides detailed
  specifications for all C/C++ APIs for SQLite.  Once
  the reader
  understands the basic principles of operation for SQLite, 
  [capi3ref | that document] should be used as a reference
  guide.  This article is intended as introduction only and is neither a
  complete nor authoritative reference for the SQLite API.
</p>

<h1>Core Objects And Interfaces</h1>

<p>
  The principal task of an SQL database engine is to evaluate SQL statements
  of SQL.  To accomplish this, the developer needs two objects:
</p>

<p><ul>
  <li> The [database connection] object: sqlite3 </li>
  <li> The [prepared statement] object: sqlite3_stmt </li>
</ul></p>

<p>
  Strictly speaking, the [prepared statement] object is not required since
  the convenience wrapper interfaces, [sqlite3_exec] or
  [sqlite3_get_table], can be used and these convenience wrappers
  encapsulate and hide the [prepared statement] object.
  Nevertheless, an understanding of
  [prepared statements] is needed to make full use of SQLite.
</p>

<p>
  The [database connection] and [prepared statement] objects are controlled
  by a small set of C/C++ interface routine listed below.
</p>

<p><ul>
  <li> [sqlite3_open()] </li>
  <li> [sqlite3_prepare()] </li>
  <li> [sqlite3_step()] </li>
  <li> [sqlite3_column_int | sqlite3_column()] </li>
  <li> [sqlite3_finalize()] </li>
  <li> [sqlite3_close()] </li>
</ul></p>

<p>
  Note that the list of routines above is conceptual rather than actual.
  Many of these routines come in multiple versions.
  For example, the list above shows a single routine
  named [sqlite3_open()] when in fact there are three separate routines
  that accomplish the same thing in slightly different ways:
  [sqlite3_open()], [sqlite3_open16()] and [sqlite3_open_v2()].
  The list mentions [sqlite3_column_int | sqlite3_column()]
  when in fact no such routine exists.
  The "sqlite3_column()" shown in the list is a placeholder for
  an entire family of routines that extra column
  data in various datatypes.
</p>

<p>
  Here is a summary of what the core interfaces do:
</p>

<ul>

<li><p><b>[sqlite3_open()]</b>
<p>
  This routine 
  opens a connection to an SQLite database file and returns a
  [database connection] object.  This is often the first SQLite API
  call that an application makes and is a prerequisite for most other
  SQLite APIs.  Many SQLite interfaces require a pointer to
  the [database connection] object as their first parameter and can
  be thought of as methods on the [database connection] object.
  This routine is the constructor for the [database connection] object.
</p>

<li><p><b>[sqlite3_prepare()]</b>
<p>
  This routine
  converts SQL text into a [prepared statement] object and returns a pointer
  to that object.  This interface requires a [database connection] pointer
  created by a prior call to [sqlite3_open()] and a text string containing
  the SQL statement to be prepared.  This API does not actually evaluate
  the SQL statement.  It merely prepares the SQL statement for evaluation.

  <p>Think of each SQL statement as a small computer program.  The purpose
  of [sqlite3_prepare()] is to compile that program into object code.
  The [prepared statement] is the object code.  The [sqlite3_step()] interface
  then runs the object code to get a result.

  <p>New applications should always invoke [sqlite3_prepare_v2()] instead
  of [sqlite3_prepare()].  The older [sqlite3_prepare()] is retained for
  backwards compatibility.  But [sqlite3_prepare_v2()] provides a much
  better interface.</p>

<li><p><b>[sqlite3_step()]</b>
<p>
  This routine is used to evaluate a [prepared statement] that has been
  previously created by the [sqlite3_prepare()] interface.  The statement
  is evaluated up to the point where the first row of results are available.
  To advance to the second row of results, invoke [sqlite3_step()] again.
  Continue invoking [sqlite3_step()] until the statement is complete.
  Statements that do not return results (ex: INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE
  statements) run to completion on a single call to [sqlite3_step()].

<li><p><b>[sqlite3_column_int | sqlite3_column()]</b>
<p>
  This routine returns a single column from the current row of a result
  set for a [prepared statement] that is being evaluated by [sqlite3_step()].
  Each time [sqlite3_step()] stops with a new result set row, this routine
  can be called multiple times to find the values of all columns in that row.
  
  <p>As noted above, there really is no such thing as a "sqlite3_column()"
  function in the SQLite API.  Instead, what we here call "sqlite3_column()"
  is a place-holder for an entire family of functions that return
  a value from the result set in various data types.  There are also routines
  in this family that return the size of the result (if it is a string or
  BLOB) and the number of columns in the result set.  

  <p><ul>
    <li> [sqlite3_column_blob()] </li>
    <li> [sqlite3_column_bytes()] </li>
    <li> [sqlite3_column_bytes16()] </li>
    <li> [sqlite3_column_count()] </li>
    <li> [sqlite3_column_double()] </li>
    <li> [sqlite3_column_int()] </li>
    <li> [sqlite3_column_int64()] </li>
    <li> [sqlite3_column_text()] </li>
    <li> [sqlite3_column_text16()] </li>
    <li> [sqlite3_column_type()] </li>
    <li> [sqlite3_column_value()] </li>
  </ul></p>
</td>

<li><p><b>[sqlite3_finalize()]</b>
<p>
  This routine destroys a [prepared statement] created by a prior call
  to [sqlite3_prepare()].  Every prepared statement must be destroyed using
  a call to this routine in order to avoid memory leaks.

<li><p><b>[sqlite3_close()]</b>
<p>
  This routine closes a [database connection] previously opened by a call
  to [sqlite3_open()].  All [prepared statements] associated with the
  connection should be [sqlite3_finalize | finalized] prior to closing the
  connection.
</ul>

<h1>Typical Usage Of Core Routines And Objects</h1>

<p>
  An application will typically use
  [sqlite3_open()] to create a single [database connection]
  during initialization.
  Note that [sqlite3_open()] can be used to either open existing database
  files or to create and open new database files.
  While many applications use only a single [database connection], there is
  no reason why an application cannot call [sqlite3_open()] multiple times
  in order to open multiple [database connections] - either to the same
  database or to different databases.  Sometimes a multi-threaded application
  will create separate [database connections] for each thread.
  Note that a single [database connection] can access two or more
  databases using the [ATTACH] SQL command, so it is not necessary to
  have a separate database connection for each database file.
</p>

<p>
  Many applications destroy their [database connections] using calls to
  [sqlite3_close()] at shutdown.  Or, for example, an application that
  uses SQLite as its [application file format] might
  open [database connections] in response to a File/Open menu action
  and then destroy the corresponding [database connection] in response
  to the File/Close menu.
</p>

<p>
  To run an SQL statement, the application follows these steps:
</p>

<p><ol>
  <li> Create a [prepared statement] using [sqlite3_prepare()]. </li>
  <li> Evaluate the [prepared statement] by calling [sqlite3_step()] one
       or more times. </li>
  <li> For queries, extract results by calling 
       [sqlite3_column_int | sqlite3_column()] in between
       two calls to [sqlite3_step()]. </li>
  <li> Destroy the [prepared statement] using [sqlite3_finalize()]. </li>
</ol></p>

<p>
  The foregoing is all one really needs to know in order to use SQLite
  effectively.  All the rest is optimization and detail.
</p>

<h1>Convenience Wrappers Around Core Routines</h1>

<p>
  The [sqlite3_exec()] interface is a convenience wrapper that carries out
  all four of the above steps with a single function call.  A callback
  function passed into [sqlite3_exec()] is used to process each row of
  the result set.  The [sqlite3_get_table()] is another convenience wrapper
  that does all four of the above steps.  The [sqlite3_get_table()] interface
  differs from [sqlite3_exec()] in that it stores the results of queries
  in heap memory rather than invoking a callback.
</p>

<p>
  It is important to realize that neither [sqlite3_exec()] nor
  [sqlite3_get_table()] do anything that cannot be accomplished using
  the core routines.  In fact, these wrappers are implemented purely in
  terms of the core routines.
</p>


<h1>Binding Parameters and Reusing Prepared Statements</h1>

<p>
  In prior discussion, it was assumed that each SQL statement is prepared
  once, evaluated, then destroyed.  However, SQLite allows the same
  [prepared statement] to be evaluated multiple times.  This is accomplished
  using the following routines:
</p>

<p><ul>
  <li> [sqlite3_reset()] </li>
  <li> [sqlite3_bind_int | sqlite3_bind()] </li>
</ul></p>

<p>
  After a [prepared statement] has been evaluated by one or more calls to
  [sqlite3_step()], it can be reset in order to be evaluated again by a
  call to [sqlite3_reset()].
  Think of [sqlite3_reset()] as rewinding the [prepared statement] program
  back to the beginning.
  Using [sqlite3_reset()] on an existing [prepared statement] rather than
  creating a new [prepared statement] avoids unnecessary calls to
  [sqlite3_prepare()].
  For many SQL statements, the time needed
  to run [sqlite3_prepare()] equals or exceeds the time needed by
  [sqlite3_step()].  So avoiding calls to [sqlite3_prepare()] can give
  a significant performance improvement.
</p>

<p>
  It is not commonly useful to evaluate the <em>exact</em> same SQL
  statement more than once.  More often, one wants to evaluate similar
  statements.  For example, you might want to evaluate an INSERT statement
  multiple times with different values.  Or you might want to evaluate
  the same query multiple times using a different key in the WHERE clause.
  To accommodate
  this, SQLite allows SQL statements to contain [parameter | parameters]
  which are "bound" to values prior to being evaluated.  These values can
  later be changed and the same [prepared statement] can be evaluated
  a second time using the new values.
</p>

<p>
  SQLite allows a [parameter] wherever
  a string literal, numeric constant, or NULL is allowed.
  (Parameters may not be used for column or table names.)
  A [parameter] takes one of the following forms:
</p>

<p><ul>
  <li> <b>?</b> </li>
  <li> <b>?</b><i>NNN</i> </li>
  <li> <b>:</b><i>AAA</i> </li>
  <li> <b>$</b><i>AAA</i> </li>
  <li> <b>@</b><i>AAA</i> </li>
</ul></p>

<p>
  In the examples above, <i>NNN</i> is an integer value and
  <i>AAA</i> is an identifier.
  A parameter initially has a value of NULL.
  Prior to calling [sqlite3_step()] for the first time or immediately
  after [sqlite3_reset()], the application can invoke the
  [sqlite3_bind_int | sqlite3_bind()] interfaces to attach values
  to the parameters.  Each call to [sqlite3_bind_int | sqlite3_bind()]
  overrides prior bindings on the same parameter.
</p>

<p>
  An application is allowed to prepare multiple SQL statements in advance
  and evaluate them as needed.
  There is no arbitrary limit to the number of outstanding
  [prepared statements].
  Some applications call [sqlite3_prepare()] multiple times at start-up to
  create all of the [prepared statements] they will ever need.  Other
  applications keep a cache of the most recently used [prepared statements]
  and then reuse [prepared statements] out of the cache when available.
  Another approach is to only reuse [prepared statements] when they are
  inside of a loop.
</p>

<h1>Configuring SQLite</h1>

<p>
  The default configuration for SQLite works great for most applications.
  But sometimes developers want to tweak the setup to try to squeeze out
  a little more performance, or take advantage of some obscure feature.
<p>
  The [sqlite3_config()] interface is used to make global, process-wide
  configuration changes for SQLite.  The [sqlite3_config()] interface must
  be called before any [database connections] are created.  The
  [sqlite3_config()] interface allows the programmer to do things like:
<ul>
<li>Adjust how SQLite does [memory allocation], including setting up
    alternative memory allocators appropriate for safety-critical
    real-time embedded systems and application-defined memory allocators.
<li>Set up a process-wide [error log].
<li>Specify an application-defined page cache.
<li>Adjust the use of mutexes so that they are appropriate for various
    [threading mode | threading models], or substitute an 
    application-defined mutex system.
</ul> 
<p>
  After process-wide configuration is complete and [database connections]
  have been created, individual database connections can be configured using
  calls to [sqlite3_limit()] and [sqlite3_db_config()].

<h1>Extending SQLite</h1>

<p>
  SQLite includes interfaces that can be used to extend its functionality.
  Such routines include:
</p>

<p><ul>
  <li> [sqlite3_create_collation()] </li>
  <li> [sqlite3_create_function()] </li>
  <li> [sqlite3_create_module()] </li>
  <li> [sqlite3_vfs_register()] </li>
</ul></p>

<p>
  The [sqlite3_create_collation()] interface is used to create new
  [collating sequences] for sorting text.
  The [sqlite3_create_module()] interface is used to register new
  [virtual table] implementations.
  The [sqlite3_vfs_register()] interface creates new [VFSes].
</p>

<p>
  The [sqlite3_create_function()] interface creates new SQL functions - 
  either scalar or aggregate.  The new function implementation typically
  makes use of the following additional interfaces:
</p>

<p><ul>
  <li> [sqlite3_aggregate_context()] </li>
  <li> [sqlite3_result_int | sqlite3_result()] </li>
  <li> [sqlite3_user_data()] </li>
  <li> [sqlite3_value_int | sqlite3_value()] </li>
</ul></p>

<p>
  All of the built-in SQL functions of SQLite are created using exactly
  these same interfaces.  Refer to the SQLite source code, and in particular
  the 
  [http://www.sqlite.org/src/doc/trunk/src/date.c | date.c] and
  [http://www.sqlite.org/src/doc/trunk/src/func.c | func.c] source files
  for examples.
</p>

<p>
  Shared libraries or DLLs can be used as [loadable extensions] to SQLite.

<h1>Other Interfaces</h1>

<p>
  This article only mentions the most important and most commonly
  used SQLite interfaces.
  The SQLite library includes many other APIs implementing useful
  features that are not described here.  
  A [capi3ref_funclist | complete list of functions] that form the SQLite
  application programming interface is found at the
  [capi3ref | C/C++ Interface Specification].
  Refer to that document for complete and authoritative information about
  all SQLite interfaces.
</p>
