SQLite

It is increasingly the case that files get larger, I/O systems more complex, features and voltages smaller at the physical level, more diversity in storage and OS (desktops, servers, mobiles, storage hierarchies). A bug or stray electron could cause an unwanted change which won't be caught by integrity check pragma unless it happens in sufficiently important metadata. Changes in data or valid but wrong metadata (eg an index entry pointing to wrong row id) will be silent.

The expectation is that checksums would be checked on each page read plus the whole database on pragma integrity check.

It is understood that it will slow down things somewhat and may impose a version bump (ie older SQLites that do not understand checksums should not be able to write to a db that uses them).